![[Tartan History Page]](../banners/tartanhistory.gif){kind=small}
Tartan Day - Customs - Games - Legends - Rings - E-Cards
| Afghanistan: Land of the Afghans | |
| Slavery 1000-330 BC: Persian Empire 330 BC: Alexander the Great 246- 146 BC: Bactrian Empire 146 BC- 400 AD: Kushan Empire 400AD - 651 AD: Sassanian Empire 651AD-750 AD: Umayyad Caliphate 750AD-1001AD: Abbasid Caliphate 1001-1026 AD: Ghaznavid Empire: Emperor Mahmud Ghazni invades & forces half a million people into slavery. 1200-1747 AD: Mongol Khanate 1747-1826 AD: Ahmad Shah Durrani 1839-1919: Anglo-Afghan Wars: Russia vs England: Habibullah Khan assasinated. 1923: Independance 1933: Muhammad Nadir Khan (assasinated) 1978: Muhammad Daoud Khan, brother-in-law (assasinated) 1979-1989: USSR invades 2001: US Invasion | 11,700 miles of road damaged & made unusable. The country has no railroads. Transportation route into Afghanistan is the Khyber Pass in Pakistan. 1990s: Drought, starvation, 70% unemployment, 400,000+ receiving charity wheat, fields dotted with landmines while 3,400 tons of opium are produced. 2 million+ flee to Iran, 1 million to Pakistan, others to Tajikistan. Black sites are secret prisons in Afghanistan. People buried alive in the desert. Cham Tala [One of 88 mass grave sites containing thousands of victims] Kabul [The capital. Half a million people are homeless & there are 80,000+ homes reduced to rubble] Kajaki [2007: Chris Brummet of Associated Press reports US warplane dropped a 500 pound bomb on British troops. Kurt Volker Assistant Secretary of State for European & Eurasian Affairs. British Troops numbering 7000] Kandahar [2002: F-16 Pilot dropped a 500 pound bomb on Canadian troops conducting a live fire exercise] |
| Albania: White Moon | |
| Shfaros Kamp [Extermination Camp] Waffen SS Josef Fitzhum 300 BC: Illyria 148 BC: Byzantine 1468 AD: Ottoman King Ahmet Bej Zogu I. Skanderbeg III (1895–1961) & Countess Geraldine Apponyi de Nagy-Apponyi Chief of the Military: 1920-1922, Albanian Prime Minister 1922-1924, President: 1925-1928. King: 1928-1939, 1943-1946. Zogist salute is a flat hand over the heart with palm facing forwards. He claimed to be a successor of Skanderbeg. Zog hoarded gold coins & precious stones, which were used to back Albania’s first paper currency. | 1912: Independance from Turkey. 1932: Mass Famine: Grain imported from Italy. Italian Kingdom helps Albania’s sugar, telegraph, & electrical monopolies. Mussolini declares Albania a protectorate under Italy’s King Victor Emmanuel III in 1939. While the NAZIs kill, the king sojourns in London. After WWII Stalin places Enver Hoxha in power, the King buys the Knollwood estate in Muttontown: Long Island, New York, for approximately $102,800, but when the INS wouldn’t allow his entire court to come he moves to France Burreli [Concentration camp. Mussolini administered it from 1939 on] Klos [September 3, 1943: XXI Mountain Corps: Greek 100th Jaeger, Serbian 297th Infantry, German 1st Mountain Division] Vlora-Vlore [Jews removed] Velika Dobranja [Bombed] Skutari-Scoder [WWI battleground. Albania’s railroad network] |
| Algeria: Arabic for Islands [Numidia / Frangistan] | |
| Vichy Camp de Concentration [Concentration Camps] DeHoMag-CEC: Companie Electro-Comptable de France Machines used by the French War Ministry in France’s colonies of North Africa & Indochina. Reich Statistical Office in Algiers. Commander François Cavoche, Grissard, Schneider 1337: Abdalwadid Kingdom 1954: Algerian Revolution. 1962: Independance. | Abadla, [Aïn el Ourak, Béchar] Bouarfa Djelfa [700 to 1,000 prisoners. Forced labor for the Trans-Saharan railway. 30+ camps. Administered by former officers of the French Foreign Legion El comandante Cavoche, jefe del campo y sus ayudantes: los policías vichystas Grissard, Schneider y Gravela [Commander Cavoche, Chief of the Camp & his helpers: the policies of Vichyites: Grissard, Schneider & Gravela] Hadjerat-M’guil Kenadsa Mecheria [1942: 50 km South of Oran. Collection camp for prisoners of war] Meridje Missour |
| Angola | |
| Slavery Loango & Teke Kingdoms. Kongo Kingdom 1483-1975: King Manuel I of Portugal 1961-1975: Portuguese Civil War Now a republic under José Eduardo Dos Santos Rich in gold, diamonds, iron ore, oil, forests, coffee, fisheries | Luanda [Portuguese-established capital city for slave trade. Forced labor used into the 20th century. 1961: Civil War. 2000 inflation: 325%. Millions of landmines. 1974-2002 warfare estimated 8 million+ displaced persons. 2004: 85% of the population on subsistence agriculture. Food is imported], Cabinda [1991: Cabinda demands independance from Angola], 1784: Gustav III, King of Sweden buys Saint-Barthélemy Island in the Carribean from France. Swedish West India company formed on Hallowe’en (oh this hurts). Privilege letter Paragraph 14: The Company is free to operate slave trade on Angola & the African coast, where such is permitted. ...Free import of slaves & trade with black slaves or so called new Negroes from Africa is granted all nations without having to pay any charge at the unload |
| Argentina: Silver [La Plata: Silver Viceroyalty] | |
| Los desaparecidos [Forced Disappearance] An organization (usually a ruling government) forces a person to disappear from public view. The way this is achieved is through murder or assassination. The body disposed where it will never be found. The party committing the murder has deniability, as there is no dead body to show the victim is actually dead. ...Their families, who often spend the rest of their lives in fruitless searches for the disappeared persons remains & for emotional closure, also become victims of the disappearance’s effects – Wikipedia 1527-1529: Sebastian Cabot invades Rio de la Plata, Parana & Paraguay rivers in Argentina & Paraguay looking for a white king whose realm rich in silver. May 25, 1810: Bogóta Revolts: Argentina wins its independance & the Spanish empire collapses. 1823-1841: Argentine-Brazilian War:Juan Manuel de Rosas overthrown by Duke of Caxias Argentina’s economic collapse more severe than that of the 1930s. Per capita income fell from about $9,000 in 1998 to about $2,500 in 2002: half the population was by then living on less than $3 a day. Students in formerly middle-class schools grow school gardens & raise rabbits for lunch. In Tucuman doctors report seeing children with kwashiorkor, a disease caused by lack of protein | Barbeía [1965: NAZI’s leave behind the minutes of the meeting La Odessa declara la guerra al estado de Israel: Odessa declares a war against the state of Israel. The paper represents 123 people from 123 countries. (132)], Puerto San Julian [1519: Portuguese navigator Fernao de Magalhaes: Ferdinand Magellan], Buenos Aires [1976-1983: El Proceso: The Process, Guerra Sucia: Dirty War: political dissidents forced to jump out of airplanes far out over the Atlantic Ocean. 30,000+ disappear under Jorge Eduardo ‘El Tigre’ Acosto Chief of Intelligence. ESMA Torture table. Electric shock machine. Brigadier General Federico Antonio Minicucci even kidnaps a newborn. 500,000 exiled. Argentina the destination for many NAZI officials under Juan Domingo Perón (1941-1975), These NAZIs train the police force. 1990s: Government investigation claims 180 NAZI war criminals came to the country. Germany believes the total is higher as many documents burnt by Perón. Documents they have: Eichmann, Kutschmann, Schwamberger, Roschmann, Mengele, Bandrimer, Pavelic (132)], La Boca District [Lieut Alfredo Astiz infiltrates Mothers of Plaza de Mayo as Gustavo Niño. Founder Azucena Villaflor de Vicenti abducted with 6 women. Indicted in 1990 by French court in absence to life in prison for the execution of French Nuns Leonie Duquet & Alice Domon & 17-year-old Swedish girl Dagmar Hagelin. Wanted by Interpol.], Tucuman [500+ disappeared. Antonio Domingo Bussi governor of area.], Martínez, Pozo de Quilmes, Pozo de Bánfield, Puesto Vasco, Arana, La Cacha & La Plata [Detention Centers. General J. Ramón Camps testifies to James Neilson La Semana Feb 11, 1983 that ‘no disappeared persons were still alive’ Night of the Pencils: High school children kidnapped], Cordoba [Luciano Benjamín ‘The Hyena’ Menéndez. Hundreds killed], Corrientes [Jorge Zorreguieta, Minister of Agriculture during Videla regime, daughter Maxima the fiancée of the Royal Dutch Prince. He was banned from the February 2, 2002 wedding.], Olimpo [Carlos Guillermo Suárez Masón, El Cacique: the Butcher of Olimpo indicted in 2000 by Italian Court in absence to life in prison for the execution of 8 Italians & German student Elisabeth Kaesemann in 1977] |
| Armenia [Hayq / Transcaucasian Republic] | |
| Mass Graves 113 AD: Trajan’s Eastern Roman Empire. 1719 AD: Russia invades & shares the Trans-Causacus area with the Turks 1922: Transcaucasian Republic incorperated into the Soviet Union. 1991: Independance | Radjo, Katma, Azaz, Yerevan [Holocaust memorial for those slain during WWI: Armenian Genocide] |
| Red Cresent Concentration Camps Governor Djevdet ordered crimes Commander Sükrü Kaya Grand Visier: Mehmet Talat Pasha The Livingston Group: According to Radar Magazine ‘ Bob Livingston keeps an ear cocked for whispers about the Armenian Genocide (why not just let bygones be bygones)’, his firm ‘recently forced a state department under-secretary to issue an apology for even mentioning the event.’ (266) | Aleppo [hanged] Deir-Zor [Inmates killed by morphine injection. Bodies thrown into the Black Sea], Ras Ul-Ain, Bonzanti Mamoura [1894-1896: 200,000+ dead. What had the Armenians done to deserve all this? Not much – their main offense was to be a Christian minority in a crumbling Islamic empire. ..The starving Armenians became a cause celebre among European & U.S. humanitarians. ...To no avail – the British government found the Ottomans a useful ally against the Russians & refused to impose sanctions.’ – Cecil Adams: Straight Dope] Intili, Islahiye, Radjo, Katma, Karlik, Azaz, Akhterim, Mounboudji, Bab, Tefridje, Lale, Meskene, Sebil, Dipsi. Abouharar, Hamam, Sebka, Marat, Souvar, Hama, Homs, Kahdem |
| Australia: Latin for South | |
| Wirntupinya-nyja-rru [They Killed] Juma-ngku [Child] Mass Graves Sisters of the Good Shepherd Magdalene Asylums Volksfront 1568: Spanish explorer Alvaro de Mendana 1606: Luis Valle de Torrez & Willem Janz 1642: Abel Janszoon Tasman 1788: English Penal Colonies 2006: Now a British Commonwealth Country Wal Campbell claimed the Good Shepherd Sisters were involved in a major racket. His paper hinted at babies born in convents & girls in the laundries being killed off or dying from exhaustion & being buried in strange places – Alan Gill | New South Wales Sydney: May 1787-January 18, 1788: Captain Arthur Phillip sailed from England with 570 male & 160 female convicts, 200 soldiers, 30 wives, & a few children in 11 ships to Botany Bay. The first white settlement in Australia & the beginning of the city of Sydney. Sydney Town Hall: Mass Grave Queensland Queensland-Sisters of Mercy Holy Cross Retreat & Girls Home-Industrial School for Girls [1904-1973: Co-located with the Magdalene Asylum for Unmarried Mothers at Woolowin, Queensland. Based on the Magdalene Asylums of Ireland. Mothers worked without pay in the laundries. Their children adopted out. Sent by the Children’s Court of Brisbane. Karalla the maximum security home with rotten food.], Brisbane-Mitchelton [Slave Laundry: Hotel sheets & tablecloths], Rockhampton-Mercy Sisters Orphanage [Neerkol] South Australia Adelaide-Plympton The Pines [Five meter high fence. Some sent by the courts, others transferred from the Goodwood Children’s Home run by the Sisters of Mercy] Tasmania: Abel Janszoon Tasman Hobart [Each of Australia's state capitals is not only the political center but also the chief commercial, industrial, & cultural center of its state. Each is the oldest or one of the oldest settlements in the state. Each was laid out near the mouth of a river & as close as possible to a good ocean harbor] Victoria Melbourne-Convent of the Good Shepherd Laundry & Collingwood Children’s Farm [1863-2003: St Helliers St, Abbotsford. Inmates segregated into penitents & preservites: orphans waiting for the arrival of a custody relative], Ashfield–Glentworth Home [1913-1978: Good Shepherd Laundry on Victoria St. Infirmary wing, sewing room. Police Courts sent girls there], Bendigo-Convent of the Good Shepherd Laundry [St Aidans Rd], Melbourne ’s Victoria Market [child mass grave] Western Australia [New Holland] Perth-Good Shepherd Laundry [Leederville] Northern Territory Darwin-Palmerston Ashmore & Cartier Islands Uninhabited Christmas Island Wackenhut Corrections: 2002: Immigrant Detention center. Jails asylum seekers Cocos Islands: Coconut Islands 27 islands 1720 miles NE of Perth: 1609: British East India Company: Captain William Keeling, West Island, South Island, Direction Island, Horsburgh Island Coral Sea Islands Heard & McDonald Islands, 2700 miles SW Pitcairn Island: Major Pitcairn 1767: Philip Carteret’s HMS Swallow. 1789: Mutiny on the Bounty: Captain William Bligh. Survivors settled on Pitcairn Island, Norfolk Island 1825-1856: New South Wales Penal Colony. 194 Bounty descendants moved from Pitcairn to Norfolk Island Sutton Forest, Central Railway Station, Fantome Island Aboriginal Leprosarium [Prison near Ingham for Aborigines, Maori & Pacific Islanders. A 7 year old child was jailed for 10 years], Peel Island [white prison] Bowral-Hopewood Childrens’ Home, Christian Brothers’ Bindoon Orphanage [Possibly the most appalling children’s home ever to exist in Australia – Alan Gill, Orphans of the Empire |
| Slavery Blackbirding refers to the recruitment of people through alleged trickery & kidnappings to work on plantations, particularly the sugar cane plantations of Queensland – Wikipedia Lady Julianne: The Floating Brothel: 225 convict women of solid breeding stock forced into sexual slavery. Ship journeys through the Carribean May 1789 to Sydney. One Scotswomen dies, 7 babies are born on arrival (134) Master & Servants Act 1861: 62,000+ South Sea Islanders taken to Australia to work as indentured servants in the sugar cane fields of Queensland More are taken to the plantations of Fiji, New Caledonia, Samoan Islands. Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901: An Act to provide for the Regulation, Restriction & Prohibition of the Introduction of Labourers from the Pacific Islands & for other purposes. It is an offence to employ a Pacific Islander in any other way than an indentured labour agreement, punishable by a fine of GBP 100. The Act prohibited any Pacific Islanders from entering Australia after March 31, 1904, & required all those entering before then to have a license. Immigration Restriction Act enacted 6 days later prohibited people from Africa, Asia, or any island in the Indian or Pacific Oceans from entering Australia. White & black indentured servitude continued until 1964. March 1966: Immigration Minister Hubert Opperman announced applications for migration would ’be accepted from well-qualified people on the basis of their suitability as settlers, their ability to integrate readily & their possession of qualifications positively useful to Australia’ | Curtin [Wackenhut Correction’s Immigrant detention center. Three year olds have been placed with their parents in punishment cells, teenagers sew lips together while on hunger strikes] Solomon Islands [Melanesia] [Islands: Choiseul, Guadalcanal (1942-1943: Allied vs Japanese Forces), Malaita, New Georgia, San Cristobal, Santa Isabel, Bellona, Rennell, Santa Cruz Islands, Bougainville, Buka, & a few smaller islands in the northern part of the chain part of Papua New Guinea. 1870-1911: 30,000+ islanders slavery on plantations in Fiji & in Queensland. 1978: Commonwealth Natiom] Vanuatu: Our Land [New Hebrides / Melanesia] [(pron. vah noo AH too) 1774: James Cook names islands after Scottish Hebrides 1906-1980: Condominium Agreement: England & France jointly govern, 1980: Independance. SW Pacific: 80 islands. Largest: Espiritu Santo [Language Bislama], Malakula, Efate [Port-Vila the capital], Erromango, Tanna New Caledonia: New Sea Holly [Melanesia] [1774: James Cook names the South Pacific Islands 1,200 miles NE of Australia after Latin word for Scotland, 1853-Present: Overseas French Territory Fiji [Melanesia: Black Islands] [1970: Independant from England. University of the South Pacific located on Fiji to the south of Kiribati] Kiribati [Gilbert Islands / Micronesia] [(pron. KIHR uh bas) Central Pacific NE of Australia. Independant & uses the Australian dollar. Contains Gilbert Islands (16), Banaba Island, Line Islands (11: Caroline, Flint, Kiritimati-Christmas Island, Malden, Starbuck, Tabuaeran-Fanning, Teraina-Washington, Vostok) // Jarvis, Kingman Reef, Palmyra (US possessions) & Phoenix Islands Tuvalu: Eight Standing Together [Ellice Islands: Edward Ellice / Micronesia] Samoa [Polynesia] [The four islands that make up Western Samoa are Savaii, Upolu, Manona & Apolina. A US Trusteeship until independance. Eastern Samoa is a territory of the United States & called American Samoa by some. 1772: Jacob Rogeveen. 1899- 1914: German colony. WWI: New Zealand troops took over; it became a mandate of the League of Nations, 1918: Famine. Tonga: South [Polynesia] [1865: Death of the last Tu'i Tonga, 1970: Independance: King Taufa'ahau Toupou IV (pronounced TAHNG guh) 150 Islands in the South Pacific Ocean 3,140 E of Australia. Tongatapu the largest island] |
| Aotearoa: White Cloud Land [Nieuw Zeeland] 1642: Abel Janzoon Tasman 1840: Treaty of Waitangi: English seize from native Maori 1842-1872: New Zealand Wars: 1/2 Maori dead 1862: New Zealand Company: Edward Gibbon Wakefield 1907: Dominion 1936-1938: Social Security | Christchurch [Anglican Canterbury Association], Dunedin [Free Church of Scotland], Otago [1862 New Zealand Gold Rush] Chatham Islands, Cook Islands [NE: 15 Self-governing islands: Rarotonga, Mangaia, Atiu, Aitutaki, Mauke], Niue Island [Self-governing], Stewart Island, Tokulow, Antipodes Islands, Auckland Islands, Bounty Islands, Campbell Island, Kermadec Islands, Snares Islands, Solander Island, Three Kings Islands |
| Austria: Growing Sun [Prussia] | |
| Die Grabeln [Mass Graves] | Elbigenalp-St. Peter’s Cemetery, Metnitz-St-Michel Chapel [plague], Breitenwang Chapel [plague], Elmen Chapel, Scattwald Church [plague], Hallstatt Salzkammergut [Prehistoric saltmine in Oberösterreich: Upper Austria by the Hallstättersee. Banned to visiters until the 19th century by the Salzkammergut: Imperial Salt Chamber under Franz Joseph I Hapsburg. 3000+ graves dating 1100 B.C. & more disturbingly, bodies of miners with implements buried near the old graves. Grave artifacts robbed & stored at the Besuch des Prähistorischen Museums], Bad Ischl Ebensee [Franz Joseph I Hapsburg’s WWI concentration camp. Mitter Weissenbach. Gunskirchen inhabitants death marched to Matthausen] |
| Arbeitserziehungslager [Labor Camps] IBM-DeHoMag 1934: IBM-DeHoMag conducts the Austrian census. 1936: DeHoMag printing center set up in Austria | KZ Innsbruck-Reichnau KZ Admont-Frauenberg [Under the jurisdiction of the Higher SS & Police Leader Alpenland. Five wooden barracks] KZ Lackenbach [Zigeunerlager: Gypsy camp in Burgenland S of Vienna near Hungary.] KZ Salzburg-Maxglan [Zigeunerlager: Gypsy camp. Salzbourg also has plague graves from the 13th century.] |
| Marienberger Komturia [Marian Order Camps] Anschluß: Annexation of Austria President: Wilhelm Miklas Chancellor: Arthur Seyß-Inquart WWI Tyrolean Kaiserjäger, Vaterländische Front. Nuremberg Trials: Guilty of planning, initiating & waging wars of aggression; war-crimes; & crimes against humanity. Gustav Steinbauer Defense. He was hanged on October 16, 1946. | KZ Elheim / Eltheim: Regensburg, Bayern. KZ Moschendorf KZ Sterzig KZ Oberlanzendorf Wien Zentralstelle für Jüdische Auswanderung: Central Office for Jewish Emigration Set up in Vienna on August 26, 1938 under Adolf Eichmann. Wilhelm Hotti Eichmann’s assistant. Soviet troops occupied Vienna in 1945. Allied troops remained in Vienna until 1955, when Austria regained its independence. The city was rebuilt, including the opera-house. Adolf Eichmann escaped to Argentina, was abducted by the Israeli Secret Service and put on trial in Jerusalem. He was sentenced to death. KZ Zwätzen: Burgenland [bordering Slovakia & Hungary. After Anschluß NAZIs forced the population to build the Ostwall a.k.a Zhelezniy zanaves: Iron Curtain containing barbed wire & landmines. It was finally taken down with the Berlin Wall in 1989] |
| Konzentrationslage [Concentration Camps] Steyr-Daimler-Puch Guns / Messerschmitt / DEST SS: Biggest stone-crusher in Europe Alois Klaubauf, a boy from Langenstein, shot by Chief of Staatspolizeileitstelle Linz: Linz State Police during a SS hunting party. Because the SS rules with absolute power in the area, inside & outside the camps, local civilians are endangered; investigations of local police forbidden by GeStaPo-Linz. Linz Hitler’s birthplace. SS exhange uniforms with Luftwaffe & German Army POWs, escaping into the mountains of Austria & Bavaria in 1945. Otto Skorzeny’s comrades get stamps from the American Linz Discharge office. | Hollerith Arbeitseinsatz 006: KZ Mauthausen-Gusen [In Mauthausen, 20K E of Linz population 1,800. 186 steps lead from the stone quarry to the surface. Karl Chmilewski: SS Grünewald: Green Forest Division: Adam Gruenewald. Becomes the only category III camps in Third Reich history, meaning camp of no return. Todebadeaktionen: Bathing to Death: 3000. 4000+ gassed, crematorium, meat-hook hangings, skin/lamp shades/furniture firing squad execution 119,000. 2000: Simon Rattle leads the Vienna Philharmonic’s Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony & Friedrich Schiller’s Ode to Joy to a crowd of 20,000 with President of Austria Jörg Haider & his Freedom Party in attendance. Haider is accused by Boston University of supporting Waffen-SS veterans & the NAZI überfremdung: surplus of foreigners. Satellite broadcast throughout Europe, musicologist Thomas Dombroski notes The Vienna Philharmonic was the symbol of the National Socialist State & had enthusiastic NAZIs until well into the seventies Composed in 1824, it was conducted by Richard Wagner in 1872 in Bayreuth, Richard Strauß in 1933, Hans Pfizner in 1934, The National Socialist Orchestra at the 1936 Olympics, Wilhelm Furtwängler’s Berlin Philharmonic in 1942 for Hitler’s Birthday & at the dismantling of the Berlin Wall.] KL Gusen I: Langenstein [1939: Franz Ziereis. forced labor. 2000 die], KZ Hartheim: Hartheim Castle [Gas chamber inside the castle. Aktion T 4: Tiergartenstraße: SS-Hauptsturmfuehrer Karl Chmielewski has the Marienberger Order under Mathilde Weber murder handicapped German & Austrian civilians with carbon-monoxyde. 32,000+ killed between 1942-1943] KL Gusen II: Bergkristall-Bau: St. Georgen [At St. Georgen. Gas chambers, crushed priests, lynching, starvation, cannibalism, shot, 600 beaten to death, 420 children between 4 & 7 / 1300+ adults exterminated with heart-injections by Josef Mengele. organs harvested by Dr. Helmut Vetter of IG-Farben & Leverkusen with the SS Medical Academy at the University of Graz, 1945: Red Cross Delegate Louis Haefliger, asks Kosiek to prevent the murder of 25,000 Gusen inmates. The SS planned to blast all of them up with high-explosives in the KZ Gusen I & II tunnels along with the local population of St.Georgen & Gusen, to kill any potential witnesses at later trials] KL Gusen III: Lungitz [At Lungitz. 1942: SS find a grave yard from the Bronze Age. Local population forced by US-troops to bury hundreds of corpses SS guards leave behind] KL Gusen: St. Agyd Außenlager: Subcamps: Aflenz [Steyer], Alpang-Schlier-Redl-Zipf, Amstetten [two camps: one for male & one for female], Attnang-Puccheim, Bretstein, Ebensee Lambach, Ebensee Wels, Eisenerz, Enns, Graz [Puch Factories], Grein / Donau, Gross-Raming Bachmanning, Gross-Raming Dipoldsau, Gross-Raming Weyer Nebenlager, Gunskirchen, Hollenstein, Lenzing, Lind / St. Lambrecht, Linz I, II: Nebenlager Schörgenhub, Linz III: Kleinmünchen-Ebelsberg [H Goering], Loibl-Pass Nord [In Klagenfurt], Loibl-Pass Süd [ex-Yugoslavia], KL Melk, Mistelbach, KL Mittersill, Modling, Moosebierbaum, Passau I: Waldwerke, Passau II: Lindau, Passau III: Jandelsbrunn, Peggau I: Eisenhertz, Peggau II: Leibnitz [stonebreaking], Ried / Inn, St. Valentin [SE of Linz. Mauthhausen subcamp Nibelungenwerk tank factory], Steyr-Munichholz [Puch-Daimler plant], Ternberg, Vöcklabrück-Wagrain, Wien-Hinterbrühl, Wien-Haidfeld, Wien-Kaiserebersdorf, Wiener Graben, Wiener Neudorf, Wiener Hirtenberg, Wiener Neustadt [R.A.X Enterprises], Wien-Schwechat [Henkel Factory], Wien-Afa- Werke, Wien-Florisdorf, Wien-Jedlesee, Wien-Schönbrunn, Wien-Saurer-Werke, Zistersdorf [Petrol Gas] |
| Azerbaijan: Protected by Fire [Arran: Snowdrop Land / Transcaucasian Republic] | |
| Russo-Persian War 2nd Century BC: Atropatian Media a.k.a Adarbaijan in Persian overthrown by Sassanach King Shapur I of the Sassanian Empire 1719 AD: Russo-Persian War: Russia shares the Trans-Causacus area with the Turks 1920: Collectivized agriculture & religious school closures 1922: Transcaucasian Republic incorperated into the Soviet Union. 1991: Independance | (pron. ah zuhr by JAHN) Government controls economy: machine building, mining: aluminum, copper, iron, salt, petroleum refining, chemicals, textiles. Baku [World’s leader in refined petroleum. Largest producing oil fields on the Caspian Sea. Oil pipeline links Baku with the port town of Supsa, Georgia, on the Black Sea], Nagorno-Karabakh [1988: Real estate dispute with Armenia. 250,000 Armenians flee Azerbaijan for Armenia. 200,000 Azerbaijanis, almost all those who lived in Armenia, flee to Azerbaijan. 1994: Cease fire] |
| Bahamas: Spanish Baja Mar: Low Sea [Yucayas] | |
| Buaynara [Plague] Consists of the Islands: Abaco, Acklins, Andros, Bimini, Bahami, Yumaí: Cat, Crooked, Eleuthera, Grand Turk, Inaqua, Xaomatí: Long Island, Mayaguana, Xaübey: Mona, New Providence, Ojuná: Rum Kay, San Salvador | Yucayos, a tribe of the Taíno, the first people Christopher Columbus encountered in 1492. He massacred, raped, enslaved them. Yuca tree. |
| Bangladesh: Land of the Bengals [British India] | |
| Genocidal Famine 1502: Portuguese Manuel I-Vasco de Gama 1757: Battle of Plassey / Maratha War: British East India Company 1770: Bengal Famine claims millions 1781: Opium produced under British Government monopoly & sold to China. 1857: Sepoy Mutiny: Indian Army vs England 1858: Direct rule from England 1905: Bengal State partitioned by Marquess of Kedleston George Nathanial Curzon, Viceroy of India. Millions of Indians die in a famine, Curzon does nothing. Earl of Broome Horatio Herbert Kitchener organizes the Bengal, Madras & Bombay Armies 1943: Great Bengal Famine has 3+ million dead 1971: Biharis forced into squalid camps where they live to this day. | Bengal split in 1947. The western part going to India, while the eastern part joined Pakistan as a province called East Bengal, later renamed East Pakistan, with its capital at Dhaka. The eastern half of Pakistan seceded to form Bangladesh in 1971’s Indo-Pakistani War with 3 million+ dead & 10 million+ refugees fleeing to India. Kolkata-Calcutta lies on one of the Ganges’ distributaries, the Dhaka: Dacca, Bangladesh’s capital, on another. 146 million+ people in 55,000 square miles. Textile Workers make 14 cents an hour. |
| Bahrain [Ar-Ruad: Red Sea Place] | |
| Colonialism 1500: Portugal 1861: British Protectorate 1971: Independance | Made up of 30+ islands: Al Muharraq, Sitrah, Umm Nasan. Bahrain island is the largest. Manama [Capital city] |
| Belgium: Sacred Tree [Flanders / Netherlands: Low Countries] | |
| Pur-Sang [Pure Blood] 1830 : Belgian Revolution: King William VI of Orange sends troops to repress riots. New independant state of Belgium is proclaimed. 1948: Benelux: Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg tariff elimination on trade among themselves. | Lüttich [Marian Order concentration camp. SS open Ardennen Lebensborn: Spring of Life: Source de Vie: home in March 1943 at Wegimont bei Lüttich. Pregnant mothers with Germanic blood accepted as well as children fathered by Fremdlaendi members. After the Liberation women & girls who had a love relationship with German soldiers were maltreated. Their heads were shaven & the swastika was painted on their foreheads.] |
| Camp de Concentration [Concentration Camp] Belge Watson: Emile Genon Militärverwaltung: Military Governors: 1940: Karl Rudolf Gerd von Rundstedt & Fedor von Bock Reichsgau Wallonien a. k.a Rex: Léon Degrelle Waffen SS Legion Wallonie: Alfred Graf Waffen SS ‘Langemarck’ Legion Flandern: René Lagrou | KZ Mecheln / CC Malines L’antichambre de la mort: Antichamber of Death[Antwerp, Flanders. A Sea-port town. Reich Security Sammellager: Assembly camp. 28 convoys of 25,257 prisoners shipped from Malines to Auschwitz. Malines-Terneuzen Railway. Only 1,207 survived V: Vergeltungswaffe: Supersonic Rocket Jet Engine Flyer carrying 2,000 lb bomb designed by Wehrner von Braun, later director of NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center’s Saturn V. Dr Kenneth Hartman recalls 3,709 VI & V2s dropped on Antwerp. 4,239+ dead, 6,362+ wounded Oct 7, 1944-Mar 30,1945 (125). Pictorial works executed in the Maler Stube: Painter’s Room. Artists made to tattoo prison numbers on inmates & paint portraits of NAZI leaders & signs. Artists: Spicker-Awret, Félix Nussbaum of Ostende, Léon Landau of Antwerp, Irène Spicker & husband Azriel Awret of Brussels, Jacques Ochs of Liege] KZ Breendonck / CC Breendonk [Military fort on the Brussels to Antwerp highway. Jewish people’s cards stamped Juif-Jood. Auffangslager: Waiting Camp received Jews & political prisoners before their transfer to Germany. Starvation, grass eating, tortures, hangings, shootings. People herded into wooden sheds. SS guards: Wijss, De Bodt & Pellemans. Before the Allies came the last prisoners were death-marched to Vught.] KZ Huy [Fortress] KZ Louvain / CC Louvain [Prison] KZ Saint-Gilles / CC Saint-Gilles[Brussels. SS Volksgrenadier & SS Hasso von Manteufel Panzer Divison] Ypres [WWI: Kindermörd: demolished by artillery bombs. poison gas] |
| Die Wacht am Rhein: Ardennes Offensive: Battle of the Bulge 1944: SS’s attempt to seperate the US-British Army. Otto Skorzeny’s English-speaking German soldiers wearing allied uniforms & dog-tags taken from POW corpses change sign-posts, misdirect traffic, seize bridges on the Meuse River a.k.a the Maas River. Hitler agrees to pull back forces after a snowstorm kills off the troops, freezes weapons. Videogame. Battlefield 1942 After the war Skorzeny (now dead), escaped the deNazification camp & lived in Mt Warzmann, Bavaria as Rolf US Stennbauer. Escaped through the Zillertau to Italy & then to Spain. (132) | Baugnez [Operation Stösser: Colonel Friedrich August von der Heydte’s Fallschirmjäger Kampfgruppe machine-gun Allied Troops], La Gleize [SS under Peiper abandon vehicles & escape], Stavelot [SS Fuel stations blown up], Stoumont [American engineers blow up the bridge as SS invade], St. Vith & Bastogne [SS Bomb], Trois-Ponts [Destroyed] |
| Prostitution Prostitution is legal in Belgium | Antwerp [Franky De Conink’s Villa Tinto House of Pleasure designer Arne Quinze created furniture for the Rem Koolhaas Library in Seattle & Brad Pitt’s home in Los Angeles. Arne’s blueprints: input from local police, politicians & prostitute focus groups. Wired Magazine: They wanted something trendy & unique but also hygienic, ergonomic, & safe. 50 women’s biometric data in building security database. Amenities activated by a fingerprint reader. (138)] |
| Belize [British Honduras] | |
| Slavery 2600 BC: Maya civilization at Cuello, Belize cultivating chocolate, chilis, vanilla, papayas, & pineapples 1520 AD: Spain seizes for the Captaincy General of Guatemala. Maps show Belize as Guatemala’s most eastern province. 1638 AD: England seizes. 1797-1803: Garifuna-Carribs imported. English offer a reward of $20 for each Charaib man or woman killed or brought in prisoner. 1846: Caste War: Yucatán Secession 1862-1973: British Honduras 1992 - present: Commonwealth country under Queen Elizabeth II. Governor-General: Sir Colville Young, Prime Minister: Said Musa | Belize City [1638: colonized with slavery. Official language English & the sole language of instruction in its school systems. Languages noted on 2000 census: Kriol, Spanish, Garifuna, Kekchi, Mopan, Yucatan Maya. Census: 49% Mestizo: Mayan-European, 10%: Maya, 6%: Garifuna, 25% Creole: Black-European, 5% Plattdüütsch-Mennonite, with the rest counted as Chinese, East Indian, Jews, Muslims, North Americans], Altun Ha: Stone Water City [113 BC] ’Sugar, the chief crop, accounts for nearly half of exports, while the banana industry is the country’s largest employer. Citrus production has become a major industry along the Hummingbird Highway. Growth decelerated in 2001 to 3% due to the global slowdown & severe hurricane damage to agriculture, fishing, tourism. Major concerns continue to be the rapidly expanding trade deficit & foreign debt. A key short-term objective remains the reduction of poverty with the help of international donors’. – Wikipedia |
| Belorusso: White Russia [Litwa] | |
| Katranisanje [Mass Graves] 30th Division White Russian SS: Senior Obergruppenführer: Friedrich Jeckeln. Sentenced to death Belorussia: Bielobog White God Ruthenia, Chernarossija: Chernobog Black God Ruthenia. W. Ukraine Red Ruthenia | Koldichevo, Lahava [SS Friedrich Jeckeln: 14,000+ Hungarian Jews, liquidating Riga & Belorussia], Lida, VL Maly Trostenets / Maly Trostinec [1941: 500,000 killed. NAZIs tried to remove all traces of the camp. No survivors are known to exist], Minsk [The Capital], Mir, Niesez, Pinsk [SS Totenkopf: Death’s Head division ride in on white horses looking for Jews & Bolsheviks. Igor Kravek recalls one cart with women tied up & another with their sons. 16,000+ killed. SS Officer Herman married Gretel Braun, sister of Eva Braun. (129)], Ivanitchi [Village outside of Pinsk. SS Death’s head trample the victims with white horses. Nina Ijenkowa hears their screams & sees blood on the hooves. Vera Bulina says the people were forced to dig their own graves, shot, & dumped into them. One SS men played a mouth organ while others screamed at them to dance. (129)], Slonim |
| Bénin [Dahomey / Amazons / French West Africa] | |
| Slavery700 BC-1728 AD: Third Kingdom: Fetishism Priests. Thousands of women served in the army of the Dahomean kings & they were called the Amazon Corps 14th-19th cen: Bénin Kingdom: Edo People-Bini 1625AD- 19th cen: Dahomey Kingdom: Fon People: Vodun Priests 1502: Portuguese King Manuel I 1524-5s: William Hawkins: Treasurer to the Corporation of Plymouth: Guinea / Sierra Leone / Brazilian slave trade 1624: French King Louis XII 1895-1960: French West Africa: Afrique Occidentale Française: 1/7 of the continent with Cote d’Ivoire, French Guinea, French Sudan, Mauritania, Niger, Sénégal, & Upper Volta 1959: Council of the Entente: Upper Volta [Maurice Yameogo], Dahomey, Cote d’Ivoire [Felix Houphouet-Boigny], Niger [Hamani Diori] 1960: Independance Egbert Austin Williams & George Walker: 1903: In Dahomey First All-Black Musical on Broadway in America Frank Garvin Yerby, The Dahomean / Man from Dahomey © 1971 | Bight of Benin [Gulf of Guinea. Epicenter of the transatlantic slave trade. 15, 000 slaves per year or 5% of the population exported as part of the triangular trade], Benin City [Capital of the Bénin Empire. Benin sculpture recounts the arrival of the Portuguese, in brass plaques & statuary. Benin resisted signing a protectorate treaty with Great Britain through most of the 1880s-1890s. After 8 British representatives killed, a Punitive Expedition of 1897, under Admiral Sir Harry Rawson, conquered & burned the city, looted the sacred busts, displaying them in museums. Vicariate Apostolic of Benin says the 1902 population less than half a million] Brong Ahafo [Slaves for West African gold mines, ivory, kola nuts, sorghum & wheat plantations, shea butter, ostritch feathers, cloth] Dahomey [1660: Kingdom invaded by French Franciscan missionaries. 1674: Dominican Father Gonsalvez & companions poisoned; 1699: An Augustinian escapes death by flight. No further attempt to plant the Faith in Dahomey is recorded until 1860, when Fathers Borg Fernandez, of the then newly founded Lyons Society of African Missions, arrived Vicariate Apostolic of Dahomey established. 1880: France invades, women raped by French soldiers. Palm oil plantations. Ga people starved to death. 1892: French military expedition captures & exiles King Behanzim.] Ketu [Home of the Ewe people. Fon a subdivision of the Ewe. Yam Festival September 19th. Slavery in the Ghana goldmines & saltmines] |
| Bhutan: Sanskrit for Highlands [Druk Yul: Dragon Land] | |
| Colonization 1600 -1700: Tibetan Lama ruler of religious & state affairs from Sikkim. England seizes 1865: Second Opium War (Arrow War) / Bhutanese Massacre: English kill. 1910 - 1959: British India takes control 1959: China claims. Bhutan recieves communications & power. | E. Himalayas: E. Abode of Snow between Tibet & India. Thimphu capital city. – World Book Encyclopedia ©1998 1980s Bhutanese political dissidents, civilians, Nepalese expelled or fled to Nepal, where they were admitted into United Nations-run camps |
| Bikini [Marshall Islands] | |
| War 1788: Captain John Marshall: 29 atolls & 5 islands scattered over 780,000 square miles of N. Pacific 1886: Germany 1918: League of Nations Mandate to Japan 1947-1986: UN Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands to USA 1986: Independance | Majuro [Capital], Bikini [1945-1958: U.S. nuclear bomb testing. Population moved to Rongerik, later to Kili. 1968: USA announces radiation reduced to safe level. 1978: Lawsuit: Radiation levels not safe, resettled. 1988: $90 million trust fund to be paid to Bikinians], Enewetak Atoll [(eh nuh WEE tahk). 1944: U.S. navy seizes from Japanese. 1947-1959: Atomic testing. Inhabitants removed to Ujelang. Contaminated by radiation. 1980: Cleanup. Marine lab.] |
| Bolivia: Simon Bolivar [Upper Peru] | |
| Avanguardia Nazionale [National Socialist Guard] 1824: Peru wins independance from Spain. Upper half named after Simon Bolivar. He is president of Gran Columbia: Columbia, Venezuela, Panama, Ecuador, Peru & Bolivia Hugo Banzer in power 1980: Luis García Meza Tejada in power with help of Fascist Stefano Delle Chiaie who founded the Avanguardia Nazionale & Nazi War Criminal Klaus Barbie Falange Socialista Boliviana is a political party. | Professor Bret Wallach: More than half the people of all the Andean countries, with the exception of Chile, live below the poverty line. Coca harvest in Bolivia from 270 million tons in 1996 to 30 million in 2003. Languages: Spanish, Quecha, Aymara La Paz [Nazi War Criminal Klaus Barbie] |
| Bosnia-Herzegovina: German Herzog: Duke [Dalmatia: Leaf Land / Yugoslavia] | |
| Katranisanje [Mass Graves] Yugoslav Watson AG 1699: Treaty of Karlowitz: Ottoman rule transfered to Hapsburgs 1878: Annexed by Austro-Hungary from Serbia 1914: Archduke Franz Ferdinand Hapsburg & Archduchess Sofia von Chotkowa und Wognin, Duchess of Hohenburg assasinated in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip 1918: NAZI Hussar general Joseph Tito Broz (died 1980) declares himself president of Yugoslavia 1946: Bosnia-Hercegovina a republic in the Yugoslav state. 1991: Independance 1992: UN Peacekeeping force | Republika Srpska: Srebrenica [1997: journalists show pictures of corpses], Herzeg-Bosna: Mostar, Sarajevo [Breadline Massacre. People deported to Jasenovac Death Camp.], Brcko [Albanian SS/NAZI Prinz Eugen Division], Medjugorje [Ustasha police mass grave in Bosnia-Hercegovina People thrown off of cliffs into the stone ravines below. Dynamite used to blow the dead apart] |
| Iskoreniti [Extermination Camp] | Omarska, Manjaca |
| Botswana [Bechuanaland] | |
| Mass Graves South Africa, the Tswana people. Setswana language 1849: Dr. David Livingstone arrives at Lake Ngami 1885: Cecil John Rhodes seizes 1931: Gemsbok National Park | 1948: England seizes. Seretse Khama, chief-in-waiting of the Bamangwato tribe of Bechanaland marries Englishwoman Ruth Williams (d2002). The British ask Khama to renounce all claim to the chieftainship in return for lifelong payments; he refused, is banished, returning only in 1956, when he abandoned his claims to the chieftainship & became president of newly independent Botswana in 1966. Gaborone [pronounced gahb uh ROH nee. The capital] |
| Brazil: Portuguese for Glowing Ember Tree [Brasil] | |
| Quilombo [Slave Refugee Camp] 1500: Columbus’ Commander Vicente Yanez Pinzon (bee THEHN teh YAH nyehth peen THAHN) of the Nina & Captain Pedro Álvares Cabral invade. Cabral names it Brazil after the rainforest. 1502: King Manuel I of Portugal 1554-1578 : King Sebastião 1527-1598: Philip II of Spain & Queen Mary I of England 1604-1656: Dom João IV 1734-1816: Dona Maria I 1817-1831: Pedro I 1823-1841: Argentine-Brazilian War / War of Independence: Luiz Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias (1803-1880) Adjutant of the battalion of the Emperor Pedro I & Minister of War pacifies local disturbances in São Paulo, Minas Gerais, & Rio Grande do Sul States & overthrows Argentine dictator Juan Manuel de Rosas 1851-1889: Pedro II & daughter Princess Isabel Orléans-Braganza (1846-1921) 1866: War of the Triple Alliance Caxias leads operations against Paraguay [60%+ of the population decimated]. Uruguay created by British mediation 1889: Battle of Mona Passage: Pedro II overthrown by United Fruit Company General Manoel Deodoro da Fonseca [Frederick AdamsConquest of the Tropics,1914] with the help of the US Navy 1900: Bubonic Plague 1930-1954:Estado Novo: Getulio Vargas 1955: Juscelino Kubitschek 2003: Half the country’s income goes to a tenth of its people. President Lulu da Silva, pledged his top priority was ending hunger. Favelas: slums. | Bahia State [1502: Imperial wealth from sugar cane slave plantations. 1871: Lei do Ventre Livre: Law of Free Birth children born to slaves would be free. 1888: Lei Áurea: Golden Law slavery abolished. 2003: More than half the sugar cane crop is cut mechanically, & more than half the country’s cane cutters have lost their jobs. Debt slavery holds thousands of Brazilians prisoner on guarded ranches] Palmares [1697: quilombo destroyed. Zumbi (1655-1695), leader flees & killed] Minas Gerais [1695: gold plundered & mined financing Europe’s Industrial Revolution], Copacabana [Incan City] Rio de Janeiro: River of January [Inhabitants of Rio are called cariocas: white man’s house. 1555: Sir Francis Drake, a slave trader in the Carribean, destroys 2.5 million Brazilian Tupi-Guarani & Tapuya. 1831: Caxias’ police battalions. 1900: bubonic plague.Instituto Soroterápico Federal : Federal Serum-Therapeutic Institute: Baron Pedro Afonso &Instituto de Manguinhos o Diretoria Geral de Saúde Pública: Public Health General Board: Oswaldo Cruz] Pará [yellow fever], Salvador [1530-1767: Capital], Brasilia [1960: Replaced Rio as capital] Parana [NAZI Dr. Josef Mengele performs abortions without anesthesia] São Paulo [1847: Santos to São Paulo: Coffee exports from fazendas: plantations through English railroads. 1920: 350,000 to 10 million bags. 2004: Brazil supplies half the world’s coffee. Coffee is the second most valuable commodity in world trade next to oil], Mato Grosso [Ferronorte railroad connects to Santos Port], Itacoatiara [Private barges float a million tons of Brazilian beans down the Madeira River to the Amazon where the crop is removed by giant vacuums & dumped in freighters] |
| Pacification Cândido Mariano da Silva Rondon (1865-1958) First Director of the SPI: Servico de Protecao aos Indios: Indian Protection Service 1901: Pacifies the Bororo Indians 1906: Forges telegraphic links from Corumbá & Cuiabá to Paraguay & Bolivia 1907: Pacifies the Nambikuára Indians | Rio Doce Valley [1911: Pacification of the Botocudo Indians], São Paulo [1912: Rodon pacifies Kaingáng Indians. Nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize], Santa Catarina [1914: Xokleng pacified. Receives the Livingstone Prize from the American Geographical Society], Sepotuba [1918: Umotina pacified], Madeira River [Parintintim pacified. Rondon demands that each pacified tribe is protected by the Army &, later, by the State. He demarcates each tribal territory & tries to register it as the collective property of the tribe.], Gurupi River Valley [1928: Urubu pacified], Rio das Mortes Valley [1946: Xavante pacified. 1952: Xingu Indigenous Park, 1953: Inaugurates the Museum of the Indian] |
| Bulgaria [Dacia: Wolf Moon] | |
| Sveno Concentration Camp Watson Business Machines Incorperated Ltd, Sofia: Pavel A. Datsoff 101 AD: King Decebalus. Emperor Trajan resettles Dacia making it Romania. 986 AD: Bulgars from Central Asia rebel against Byzantine Emperor Basil I. The emperor rebuilds his army & defeats them. He is called Bulgaroctonus: Slayer of Bulgarians (133) 1500 AD: Ottoman 1879: King Alexander of Battenburg deposes the Ottoman Sultan to become ruler 1885-1919: King Ferdinand Wettin of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (1865-1927) of Bulgaria & Romania-Moldavia 1913: Second Balkan War: Bulgaria seizes Eastern Macedonia, North & Central Serbia, Western Thrace & Southern Greece. 1919: King Boris III Wettin 1932: Sveno: National Socialist Party 1943: Prime Minister Dobri Bozhilov. 1944: Prime Minister Ivan Bagryanov 1984-1989: Turks adopt Bulgarian names. Some who refused killed, others forced to leave country – World Book Encyclopedia 1998: Vojtech Mastny, Ph.D. | Burgas [Black Sea Port. Luftwaffe seize Bulgars’ airfields & attack Russia], Plovdiv [German navy] Sofia [Capital of Bulgaria. Reichstag Office burnt in 1933. 1944: Fatherland Front has Bulgarian soldiers unite with Tito’s men in Yugoslavia. Georgi Dimitrov’s Purges of ‘46, & ‘47. Dimitrov, Politburo Premier, dies in 1949 on a trip to Moscow] Stara Zagora [SS, Naval Infantry seize railways. Every day 8 to 10 trains with food & raw materials depart to the Reich] Varna [Black Sea Port seized by the Luftwaffe] Zabokreg [Wehrmacht Unit] |
| Burkina Faso: Land of Honest People [French West Africa / Upper Volta] | |
| Governmental Instability Fulani Empire 1895-1960: French West Africa: Afrique Occidentale Française: 1/7 of the continent 1908-1958: Goumier: Moroccan, Algerian, French Sudan, Upper Volta soldiers who served in auxiliary units attached to the French Armee d’Afrique 1919-1932: Upper Volta 1932-1947: Dismantled & divided between Cote d’Ivoire, French Sudan & Niger 1947: Upper Volta recreated. 1959: Council of the Entente: Upper Volta [Maurice Yameogo], Dahomey-Benin, Cote d’Ivoire [Felix Houphouet-Boigny], Niger [Hamani Diori] 1960: Independance: General Sangoule Lamizana 1984: Burkina Faso Two main cultural groups, the Voltaic [Mossi, Bobo, Gurunsi, Lobi] & the Mande [Boussance, Marka, Samo, Senufo of Mali, Guinea & Ivory Coast] | The Black Volta, Red Volta, & White Volta rivers flow south to Ghana’s Lake Volta. Small rivers in the east flow into the Niger River Ouagadougou (WAH-GAH-doo-goo) [Moro Naba: Mossi Kingdom. Governmental instability during the 1970s & 1980s. Several hundred thousand farm workers migrate south every year to Côte d’Ivoire & Ghana. Children from Burkina Faso & Mali migrate to the Ivory Coast, where they hope to find work, particularly in cocoa plantations. There are many stories of these youngsters winding up as virtual slaves on the plantations, yet the flow continues, because conditions back home are so bad.] |
| Burundi [Deutsch-Ostafrika: German East Africa / Belgian Urundi] | |
| Genocide: IDP: Internal Displaced Person Camps 1885-1916: German East Africa Governors: 1889-1891 & 1895-6: Hermann von Wissmann, 1891-1893 Julius von Soden, 1893-1895 Friedrich von Schele, 1896-1901 Eduard von Liebert, 1901-1906 Gustav Adolf von Götzen, 1906-1912 Albrecht von Rechenberg, 1912-1918 Heinrich Albert Schnee 1916 -1962: United Nations Trust Territory administered by Belgium. Belgium has the multi-racial party leader assasinated. Military dictatorship. 1965: Prime minister assasinated Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Charter of the United Nations) in 1948, ‘The Declaration, an international law reinforcement of the Nuermberg Trial Judgements, upholds the rights of one nation to intervene in the affairs of another if said nation is abusing its citizens, & rose out of a 1939-1945 World War II Atlantic environment of extreme social split: at the one extreme, the heaven of many well-paying jobs for the desirable haves; on the other, the hell of homelessness all the way to concentration camps for the undesirable have-nots’ Wikipedia: Homelessness | The southernmost source of the Nile is the Ruvironza River in Burundi 1976: Colonel Jean-Baptiste Bagaza Watutsi-dominated military regime. According to Wikipedia his ‘human rights record deteriorated as he suppressed religious activities & detained political opposition members.’ Usumbura [1968 capital. Police state with barricaded checkpoints, french-speaking military with machine guns, semi-automatic weapons, & tanks] Bujumbura [The Capital City. NE corner of Lake Tanganyika. 1884: Germany seizes. 1899: Burundian king Mwezi Gisabo against German armed forces. 1905-1914: half of the population is starved to death.] Mpamarugama Camp [N. Area of Giteranyi, close to the Rwanda border] Muyinga [16 camps in this province alone] |
| Cambodia [Kampuchea / French Indochina] | |
| Prolai puch sah [People Murder] DeHoMag-CEC: Companie Electro-Comptable de France Machines used by the French War Ministry in France’s colonies of North Africa & Indochina President Richard M. Nixon authorizes bombing of North Vietnamese bases in Cambodia; over the next four years dropping more than a half million tons of bombs on Cambodia. Estimated dead 600,000+. War Powers Resolution: USA Congress refused to provide money for bombing beyond Aug. 15, 1973. Power to halt use of any U.S. armed forces the President has ordered into combat abroad. Angkar: Khmer Rouge | Angkor [100 AD: Funan Kingdom, 600 AD: Chenla. 800-1431: Angkor Empire seized by Siam then in 1880 by France as part of Union Chinoise: French Indochina. Khmer Rouge base], Battambang & Siemreab Provinces [French-Indochina rubber plantations connected by railroads to Phnom Penh. 1929: Great Depression: rice cultivators victims of moneylenders], Ek [Killing Fields: Khmer Rouge closed schools, hospitals, factories, confiscating all private property & relocating people from urban areas to collective forced labor farms. Abolished banking, finance, currency, outlawing all religions. 3.3 million+ estimated dead. Buddhist stupa with 5,000 skulls. Mass grave with 8,000 bodies], Tuol Sleng: Hill of Poisonous Trees [S-21 torture prison in Phnom Penh. Museum records state that of the 20,000 prisoners there only 7 have survived. Skull map of 300 bones dismantled in 2002. Leg irons. Executions by sharpened bamboo sticks, buried in mass graves. January 7, 1979 Vietnamese troops capture Phnom Penh, deposing the Khmer Rouge. Khmer Rouge retreat to the west, controlling an area near the Thai border for the next decade, setting off landmines & smuggling diamonds until 1999. Most of the remaining Khmer Rouge leaders live in the Pailin area or are hidden in Phnom Penh.] |
| Cameroun: Shrimp in Portuguese [Fulani Empire] | |
| Zone de Pacification First inhabitants the Baka/Bakola people. Fulani Empire stretched from Burkina Faso to Cameroun 1502: Invaded by Portugal. Portuguese cameroes meaning Shrimp 1884 Berlin Kongokonferenz: Triple Alliance: Invaded by Germany, called the Kameruns 1918: Handed to England & France after WWI. | Yaounde [Capital city. Another disturbing one is ZAPI: Zones d’Action Prioritaires Integrees], Maka-Njem [Maka & Ndjemé people. Languages Maka & Koozime. From Chad. Ivory trade before being used as forced plantation labor by the Germans] |
| Canada: Iroquois for Villages | |
| Slave Ships | Messrs Lambert & Co, Children ’s Friend Society/West Kirk Workhouse [1833 sold 200 children out as slaves in Canada], Nanaimo, Vancouver [Hudson’s Bay Company used indentured servants into the late 1800s] |
| Cillin: Killeen [Little Crosses] Child Mass Graves | Saint John Co. Almshouse [founded 1795 in New Brunswick children starved & made to work until dead. 1846: William Craig raped Ann Payton. she bore his child. found not guilty received Irish famine emigrants who died of typhus & cholera from contaminated water], Quebec [1990: Mohawk clash with Canadian armed forces over expansion of Quebec city-owned golf course onto ancestral burial grounds. Disputed land turned over to the Mohawk, 550,000 Canadians registered as Indians by the Canadian Department of Indian Affairs & Northern Development.: World Book Encyclopedia © 1998], |
| Workhouses | Belleville Co. Home [Ontario: 1887: George Francis Train crusaded against Pauper Auctions] |
| Chad [Tchad] | |
| Patriotic Salvation Movement 1000 -1846: Islamic Kanem-Bornu Empire 1500-1884: Slavery 1884 Berlin Kongokonferenz: Triple Alliance: Mandingo-French War: Belgian King Leopold II seizes Chad. Sara enslaved 1891-1959: French Equitorial Africa: Afrique Équatoriale Française 1960: Independance. 1962-1981: Frolinat vs Government Troops. 1983-1987: French Military vs Libyan Troops 1990: Patriotic Salvation Movement President Idriss Déby | Aozou Strip [1973: Libya occupies until 1994. Uranium & other minerals], Kanem [NE of Lake Chad. Sefuwa family Kings ruled for 1,000 years], Baguirmi [Kingdom], Ouaddai [Kingdom], Lake Chad [The second largest lake in Africa has shrunk down 90% through irrigation. Chad oil pipeline. Limited telephone, telegraph, & postal services. Famines], N’Djamena [Capital & largest city. Organisation of African Unity establish an Inter-African Force to intervene in Chad in 1981] |
| Chile: Where the Land Ends [Peru Viceroyalty] | |
| Genocidio Riggs Bank Capitán General Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (1915-2006) Dictator from 1973- 1990. President Salvador Allende takes over & Pinochet becomes a senator for life until 2002. 2006: President Michelle Bachelet (126) | (pron CHEE-lay) Santiago [1530: The Capital. Men of Chile, the survivors of Diego de Alamagro’s first Spanish expedition that massacres the Incas, Aymara & Mapuche. Pinochet died Dec 10th at a military hospital here according to the Washington Post. Slums with no running water, electricity, sewers called callampas: mushrooms because, like mushrooms, they spring up overnight. The world’s largest underground copper mine, El Teniente], Operation Condor: Pinochet collaberates with the military dictatorships of Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay & Argentina to have security forces for each country target subversives, guerrillas, & guerilla sympathizers. Arrested in 1998 in Britain on charges of 94 counts of torture of Spanish citizens & one count of conspiracy to commit torture & released. 3,197+ Chileans executed, others disappear, 35,000+ imprisoned & tortured by carabineros: uniformed police. NAZI SS Walter Rolf comes to Chile via Syria. (132), Central Chile [Arucana live on government reservations established in the late 1800s. 16% of Chileans live in rural areas. Most are inquilinos: sharecroppers on huge estates called fundos. Almost all the farmland lies in the Central Valley], Atacama Desert [Atacama, Diaguita], South [Ona, Yahgan fish] |
| China: Pure [Hwa Kwoh: Flowery Kingdom / Zhongguo: Middle Country] | |
| Bejing / Yenjing / Peking: Northern Capital, Manchuria 2700 BC: Emperor Huangdi & Emperess Xilingshi find white silkworm moths in the mulberry trees. Cocoons dropped in water unravel to silk Xia (2070-1600BC) 1700BC: Shang or Yin Dynasty. Rough woven silk called shantung 500BC Confucius, latin form of Kongfuzi: Great Master born. Disciples recorded his conversations & sayings in a book called The Analects 256 BC - 202 B.C: Ch’in [Pure] Dynasty founder Qin Shih Huang Di builds the Great Wall. Chinese is written in characters. There are seven dialects: Mandarin [Putonghua: Standard: Manchuria], Cantonese [Yue], Xiang [Hunan], Gan [Gan River, Jiangxi], Hakka [Guangdong], Min [Fujian], Wu [Shanghai]. Chinese is spoken with no tenses. Next Dynasties: Han, 3 Kingdoms, Jin, 16 Kingdoms, Northern & Southern, Sui, Tang 1215: Jin Dynasty: Golden Dynasty a.k.a Song: Beijing known as Zhongdu: Central Capital burnt by Yuan: Red River Dynasty. 1368: Khanbaliq Palace burnt by the Ming: Brilliant Dynasty, renamed Shuntian, then Peking. 1406: Ming Emperor Zhu Di builds: Zijin Cheng: Purple Forbidden City in Peking 1644-1912: Manchu Qing Dynasty. Imperial documents written in Manchu & Chinese 1729: Emperor Yongzheng bans opium 1774: British East India Company: Baron George Macartney of Antrim, Northern Ireland & Baroness Jane Stuart of Bute (daughter of the Prime Minister) 1799: White Lotus Rebellion: Sichuan 1800: Sir Thomas Wade & Herbert A. Gile’s Wade-Giles System for writing Chinese in the Roman alphabet 1838-1842: First Opium War: Anglo-Chinese War: Lin Zexu forces British Superintendant of Trade Charles Elliot to hand over 20,000 chests of opium for destruction 1840: English under James John Gordon Bremer on the Royal Saxon attack Canton. 1843: Bogue Treaty: China pays reparations to English drug traffikers 1844: Hong Kong Colonial Secretary: Sir Frederick Bruce, Knight of the Grand Cross 1851-1864: Taiping Tian Guo: Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace: Hong Xiuguan seizes Nanjing: Southern Capital & renames it Tianjiang: Heavenly City. Qing Forces end. 1856-1860: Second Opium War: Arrow War: Arrow warship seizes Canton. Baron Jean-Baptiste Louis Gros & Sir James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin, loot & burn to the ground the Yuan Min Yuan: Gardens of Perfect Clarity a.k.a Imperial Winter Palace & Qing yt Yuan: Garden of Clear Ripples a.ka Imperial Summer Palace in Peking 1860: Treaty of Peking: Outer Manchuria ceded to Russia 1894: Sino-Japanese War 1900: Imperial Powers seize Peking. Court flees to Xi’an. 1931: Japan names region Manchukuo The Soviet Union (19 million) & China (10+ million) suffered the highest toll of civilian deaths during World War II 1946: The Last Empress of China, Gobulo Wan Rong: Beautiful Countenance, dies of malnutrition & opium addiction in Yanji Prison. 1949: Mao Zedong = pinyin. Mao Tse-tung = Wade-Giles 1958-1962: Great Chinese Famine: Grain exported to towns & cities. 43+ million dead 1959: Ban on foreigners to country 1969: Sino-Soviet Border Dispute: Manchuria Cultural Revolution 1979: Pinyin System for writing Chinese in the Roman alphabet adopted by government 1997: Manchuria: Economic reforms. 25 million workers permanently laid off. 40% unemployment 2001: 1/5 of the world’s people live in China. 2003: Chinese state council begins to take apart hukous, household registrations whose origins can be traced back to distant imperial times. Until now, getting a permit to live in the booming coastal cities has been almost impossible for peasants, who were legally excluded from living in some of their own country’s cities 2004: 2.4 million Chinese hold two-thirds of the country’s liquidassets. | Hebei / Ho-pei Province [North of the Yellow River]: Named Zhili / Chih-li: Directly Ruled by the Imperial Court before 1928. Surrounds Beijing. 1860: Emperor flees to the Chengde Palace after the burning of the Summer Palace Liaoning / Fengtian / Fengtien Province: Shenyang / Mukden [pron. shuhn yahng. Capital on the bank of the Hun River. Tombs of the Manchu emperors. Province extends to Huang Hai: Yellow Sea. 1904-1905: Russo-Japanese War: Russians occupy, Cathay] Heilongjiang / Heilungkiang / Sahaliyan ula Province [Black Dragon River]: Harbin [Capital City on Songhua / Sungari River, a tributary of the Heilongjiang a.k.a Amur, Manchuria] Jilin / Chi-lin / Kirin Province [Auspicious Forest]: [1896: Chinese Eastern Railway across Manchuria to the Russian port of Vladivostok.] German Kiautshou a.k.a Shandong / Shantung Province [Rough Woven Silk]: Eastern Manchuria. Jiao’ao-Qingdao-Ch’ing-tao-Tsingtao [1860: Freiherr Ferdinand von Richthofen. 1898-1914: Admiral von Tirpitz’ SeeBattalion III: German East Asia Squadron. Reichsmarineamt: Navy administers area rather than the Reichskolonialamt: Colonial Office. Imperial German government builds city streets & Tsingtao Brewery in 1903. German influence extended to other areas of Shandong Province, including the establishment of rival breweries. World War I: Admiral Graf von Spee, SMS Cormoran. 1914: Siege of Tsingtao: Japan occupies the city & province under the Anglo-Japanese Alliance 1922: Republic of China], Lushun-Port Arthur-Ryojun [1898: Russia, 1905: Japan builds South Manchurian Railway 1954: Russia returns base to China], Weihai-Port Edward [1894-1895: Sino-Japanese War: Beiyang Naval Fleet annihlated. 1898-1930: England seizes under the War Office in London. Naval China Station.] Jiangxi / Chiang-hsi / Kiangsi Province [West of the Long River]: Nanking / Nanjing: Southern Capital [南京大屠殺: Nánjīng Dàtúshā Japanese: 南京大虐殺: Nankin Daigyakusatsu Japanese Imperial Army invasion on Dec 13, 1937 looting & burning the area. US Navy gunboat Panay destroyed. 10,000 corpse ditch, 80,000+ women tortured, raped & killed. Surviving women forced into military prostitution. Babies speared to death with bayonets. Young men machine-gunned, decapitated, & their bodies dumped into the Yangtze: Long River. Chinese soldiers death-marched to Shanghai: Near the Sea. Lieutenant General Tani Hisao’s official deathtoll 300,000 at Nanking War Crimes Tribunal 1947. Seen in 2004’s Kuni ga Moeru: The Country is Burning by Hiroshi Motomiya before being pulled from Weekly Young Jump Wikipedia], Jingdezhen [Porcelain], Shanghai: Near the Sea [Battle of Shanghai Japanese capture city in naval bombardment in 1937 against Chiang-Kai-shek], Yuntang [Yujiang County, Jiangsi Province. April, 2001: 600 troops attack unarmed villagers. Farmers refused to pay high taxes. Payment had been demanded even in 1998, when floods destroyed the farmers’ crops. Prime Minister Zhu Rongji promised relief, encouraging production of profitable crops like peanuts, sesame & garlic, instead of the traditional rice & wheat. – Professor Bret Wallach] Zhejiang Province [Crooked River], South Central China: Song / Sung Dynasty, Yangtze: Long River ValleyHangzhou [Capital city where the Crooked River is], Ningbo [1842: English Port] Shaanxi / Shan-hsi Qin / Shensi Province [Western Mountains]: Next door to Shanxi Province. Qin Ling Mountains Sichuan / Szechwan Province [Four Rivers]: Four streams that flow into the Yangtze: Long River. The Yangtze coming east from Tibet, flows through the agriculturally rich & densely populated Red Basin, Sichuan Province. The river then enters gorges extending to Yichang; emerging from them, it crosses the closely cultivated Tangho Basin around Lake Dongting. It then flows east to Nanjing: Southern Capital & the river’s mouth, just north of Shanghai. The provinces north & south of the river as it passes through the Tangho Basin are Hubei: North of the Lake & Hunan: South of the Lake. Chungking-Chongqin-Ch’ung-ch’ing, [pron. chuhng chihng. Capital of the Republic of China 1938- 1946] Henan / Honan Province [South of the Yellow River]: Villagers selling blood to get money to live on. Luoyang-Chengzu [11th Century BC Zhou Dynasty Imperial Palace], Anyang [Yin Dynasty Tombs] Hainan Province [Southern Ocean]:Imperial France seizes Hainan Island. Japanese occupy. The province contains 200 Nanhai: South China Sea Islands The rest of the islands are claimed by Vietnam, Taiwan, Malaysia & the Philippines Fujian / Fukien / Hokkien: SE China: Fuzhou [pron. foo joh. on Min River. 1642: Emperor Qing Kangxi orders coastal evacuation. Remnants of Ming Court flee to Taiwan. Coastal areas re-populated with Han hakka: guest families from Hainan & Shaanxi.1842: English Port: Teap & Camphor], Xiamen [shee ah muhn. 1600: Portuguese. 1842: English. Most of the overseas Chinese in SE Asia speak South Fujian dialect], Gulangyu Island [Wealthy], Dehua [Porcelain factories create Chinese Export Porcelain to Europe] Yunnan Province [South of Cloud Mountains]:S China Guizhou / Kuei-chu / Kweichow Province: S China Qinghai / Ch’ing Hai / Tsinghai Province [Blue Lake]: Mekong River flows southeastward from Qinghai province & forms part of the boundary between Thailand & Laos. Amdo [1960-1989: NE Tibet & incorporated into Qinghai Province. Monasteries destroyed. 1 million+ sent to Laogai-Gulags. Qinghai Railway links to Tibet] Guangxi Region [Vast West]:S China: Four river tributaries: Zhu Jiang: Pearl River, North, East & West: Xi Jiang / Hsi Chiang (pron. shee jee ahng) - connect Guangxi Region & Guangzhou. Hong Kong: Fragrant Harbor: Macao [Àomén / Portuguese Macau]:(pron muh KOW) Macao City, Islands of Taipa & Coloane at the mouth of the Zhu Jiang: Pearl River, Guangdong: Canton Province. Nam Kwong Group / Bank of China: 1557 AD: Portuguese colony on the south China coast |
| Nestlé Mickey Toys: Beijing, Peking | 1987: Their address is the Tiantanghe Labor Camp. Xin’an Female Labor Camp in Nanyuan produces 110,000 Nestlé toy rabbits in 2001. There are 180+ labor camps in China. Companies utilizing prison labor are exempt from income tax. ‘China has a vast forced labor camp system & perhaps the most secretive & widely feared penal system in the world.’ – Wu Hongda, Laogai Research Foundation |
| Lanzhou Zhenglin Nongken Food Ltd Gansu / Kansu Province [Long Mountain], North Central China | Lanzhou [pron. lahn joh. 1988: The biggest production base in China for roasted seeds & nuts. Founded by Taiwanese businessman Lin Ken. Dashaping, Xiguoyuan & Lanzhou Detention Centers inmates used to peel & crack melon seeds with teeth & bare hands in the frost. Blood & pus falling on the seeds marketed as Hand-picked Melon Seeds & exported to more than 30 countries including: the United States, Canada, Australia, France, New Zealand, & Southeast Asian countries. Those who do not meet their quotas are beaten to death. |
| Shanxi / Shan-hsi Jin / Shansi Province [Western Mountains] Brick Kilns Foreman Heng Tinghan: Wanted by the government Lieu Cheng, Professor of Labor Law: Shanghai Normal University: Forced labor & child labor in China are illegal, but some local governments don’t care too much | Su Jinduo & Su Jinpeng, brother and sister, kidnapped at a Qingdao, Shanghai bus station during Chinese New Year, loaded onto a minibus with other children to a brick factory in the next province. Hundreds of children & adults have been kidnapped in Central China to work as slaves being fed only water and steamed buns. Parents have petitioned local authorities to crack down on the kilns, banded together to try to rescue their chldren. Local authorities have sometimes turned parents away from the factories in collusion with the kiln owners. Labor Inspectors have taken children from freshly closed kilns & resold them to other factories. |
| Guolaosi: Worked to Death Bainan Toy Factory, Soonggang | 19-year-old Li Chunmei died after working a 16-hour shift at the Bainan Toy Factory in Soonggang. Guolaosi: over- work death applies to young workers who suddenly collapse and die after working exceedingly long hours, day after day. Local journalists say many of them are never documented but estimate that dozens die under such circumstances every year in the Pearl River Delta area alone. Zhu Jiang: Pearl River also known as the Canton River (122) |
| Mattel: Zhong Mei Factory Guangdong / Kwangtung / Canton Province [Vast East] Mattel Inc.: Fisher-Price, Tyco, Pleasant Company, Purple Moon, Learning Company. 2007: Mattel’s worldwide product recall of 19 million lead paint toys. China’s factories now produce nearly 80% of the world’s toys. US Toy imports from China rose to 222 billion last year. ‘Everyone tries to bribe the inspectors’ Anita Chan Australian National Unversity – US toy importers share blame in recalls, experts say, Tim Johnson & Kein Hall, McClatchy Newspapers ©August 16, 2007 | Guangdong Province [Produces exclusively for Mattel. Workers live in dormitories with up to 29 other workers per room. Slave labor, forced overtime, no sick leave. Robert Eckert CEO previously CEO Phillip Morris-Kraft Foods] |
| McDonald’s: Sewco Toy Factory Zhongshan District, Ghangzhou / Yangchang: City of Goats / Canton City | Spray painters supplied only a gauze mask. Workers operating dyeing machines lost half of their right palms & all of their fingers in accidents. 16 hour work day for 9.8 yuan. 45 yuan for temporary resident permit fee, 30 yuan deposit, 5 yuan monthly labour management fee & 60 yuan for food. After all charges & fees are deducted from the monthly wages, workers are left with nothing |
| Qualidux Toy Longgang District, Shenzen, Pearl River Delta | Henggang [Toy workers in ten factories studied by the AMRC paid less than minimum wage & forced to work overtime in excess of hours stipulated by Chinese labor law] |
| Chicco Toy: Zhili Toy Factory Shenzhen: Deep Drain Port, Pearl River Delta More than 60 percent of the toys sold in Canada are made in China. $55 billion global industry. | Kwai Yong, Shenzhen [Heavy mesh covered the windows. Doors at the bottom of the factory’s only stairway were locked to prevent workers making 7 cents an hour from leaving before they had met their daily quotas. When the last flame was doused, 87 workers were dead. Scores of others injured in 1993.] |
| Chinese Turkestan [Xinjiang: New Frontier / Eastern Turkestan] NW China Silk Road Xinjiang-Mongolian Uplands. Extends east from Western Turkestan to the Gobi Desert & Tibet | (pron. shihn jee ahng) Tian Shan Mountain Range [North], Kunlun Mountains [South]. Major cities: Urumqi, Hami, Karamay, Kashi, Yining. Tashorghani [Ancient Capital of the Sarikoli-Tajik Kingdom] |
| Inner Mongolia: Nei Menggu North China 1279-1368: Mongol Yuan: Red River Dynasty 1578: Altan Khan Golden King converts to Buddhism. He names Sönam Gyatso: Dalai Lama: Gyatso means Ocean. Dalai means Ocean in Mongolian. 1644: Manchu Qing reorganizes the region 1911: Country Split: Outer Mongolia = Mongolia 1931: Japanese occupy: Mengkukuo 1945: Operation Autumn Storm: Soviets seize | North: Greater Hinggan Range. South: Huang He / Huang Ho: Yellow River (pron. hwahng hu) & its tributaries carved out hills & steep-sided valleys in the huangtu: yellow earth. River runs 2,903 miles. Chinese region 1947. |
| Ningxia Hui / Ning-hsia Region [Tranquil Xia] N China Borders Inner Mongolia | The Hui are Chinese Muslims. Capital is Yinchuan where the Nine Western Xia Emperors’ Tombs are who ruled from 982-1227. |
| Bo Fan: Heights / Tibet: Roof of the World [Xixang: Western Treasure] SW China Annals of Lake Manasarowar: The Zhang Zhung civilization at Mount Kailash had 18 kingdoms in Tibet extending west to Sarmatians, Ladakh & Baltistan, southwest to Jalandhar, south to the Kingdom of Mustang in Nepal, east to central Tibet, & north across the Chang Tang plateau & Taklamakan Desert to Shanshan. Bon religious texts are written in Zhang Zhung. 645AD: Songstän Gampo overrus the Zhang Zhung Kingdom. As Emperor he introduces Buddhism. 763 AD: Tang armies invade Bactria & Kashmir, defeating Arab Umayyad-Tibetan forces. Tibetan forces invade China & battle the Tang Rulers for 80 years 1578: Altan Khan: Golden King converts to Buddhism. He names Sönam Gyatso: Dalai Lama. Gyatso means Ocean. Dalai means Ocean in Mongolian. Name Tibet from Persian 1727-1728: Civil War: Emperor Yongzheng vs 80,000 Dzugars 1904: British Mission 1908: Zhao Erfang’s Chinese Magistrates. Sichuan peasants. 1914: Simla Partition: British seize Arunachal Pradesh (Tibet now India) & recognize Chinese suzerainty over Tibet. 1950: China breaks up large estates of the lamas: monks & nobility, distributing them among the serfs: latin word for slave. Two Grand Lamas, Dalai Lama, Ruler of Tibet & Panchen Lama: leading spiritual authority: believed to be Buddha born again, authority ended. Xixang an autonomous region of China 1959: Dalai Lama exiled to India. 1960s-1970s: Lamaseries destroyed. Chinese control: airwaves, newspapers, foodshops, local government, Tibetans riot 1989: Some lamaseries reopen. Panchen Lama dies, his spirit is thought to enter the body of a newborn baby boy at the time of death. Chinese government selects their own. | Pamir Mountains [West], Kunlun Mountains [North], Mount Everest [South. In the Himalaya: Abode of Snow Mountains. 1938: NAZI Heinrich Himmler organizes a search in Tibet to find a remnant of white Atlanteans in a mystical area called Shangri-La: Sweet Sunny Day. At the Nuremberg Trials it is said that some SS Men were decapitated & their severed heads were used to talk with dead Eastern philosophers. The Legend of Atlantis is contained in K. Plato’s 399 BC Doric Greek Critias. Hellas-Athenian war in 9399 BC against the Atlantians & their mutual destruction from earthquakes & floods, conveyed to Solon by Egyptian priests. Timagenes claims that the survivors of the sinking Atlantis migrated to Western Europe, citing the Druids of Gaule as his source], Lhasa [Founded 600 AD. Gold-Roofed Potala Palace, former home of the Dalai Lama, has 1000 rooms. It is against the law to possess a picture of the Dalai Lama. 1788: British Gurkha regiment from Nepal invades], Shigatse [1774: George Bogle of the British East India Company introduces the first potatoes. 1791: British Gurkha regiment from Nepal destroys & plunders the Tashilunpo Monastery], Gyangzê [1904: British Army under Colonal Francis Younghusband kill 5000+ with maxim machine guns. Dalai Lama flees to Urga in Mongolia. British Trade Agent remains in area until 1944] |
| Colombia: Christopher Columbus [Nueva Granada: New Pomegranate] | |
| Genocidío 1498: Juan de la Cosa & his army of the Santa Maria assasinated by Colombian natives. 1514: Invaded by the Spaniards under Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Chibcha: People of the Earth decimated. Bacatá Sovereign, the Zipa [People of Chía: The Moon Goddess], ruler of the southern kingdom of Bogotá was Tisquesusa. Hunza Sovereign, the Zaque [Zaque people descendents of Xué: The Sun God], known today as Tunja was Nemequene. Quesada steals their gold & emeralds. Raids funeral kings of Sogamoso: Sacred City of the Sun 1531: Diego de Ordaz’s lieutenant Martinez tells of being rescued from shipwreck, conveyed inland, & entertained at Omoa by El Dorado: the Gilded One. Chibchas tell Quesada the legend of Guatavita Lake & the golden man who worships the sun. Quesada founds Santa Fé de Bogotá & starts desperately searching for the legendary city from Bogotá, never to find it. 1599: Santa Marta Rodrigo de Bastidas Revolt. 1700: Bogotá becomes the capital city of The Viceroyalty of New Granada which contained the areas that are now: Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, & Panama. 1819: Liberated by Simon Bolivar. He renames it Gran Columbia: Colombia, Panama, Ecuador, Peru & Bolivia. He is almost assasinated & retires as president in 1830. 1863: Rionegro Constitution names it United States of Columbia. 1886: Rafael Núñez: Republic of Columbia | Fourth largest country in South America producing coffee & 90% of the world’s cocaine: 500 tons annually. Bogotá [13% of population. Barrio La Perseverancia 1948: State forbids chicha, a maize based alcoholic drink, until 1991], Cauca River [1912: Simply Contractors LTD, an English Company drained Lake Guatavita dry looking for gold], Buritaca River [1525: Taíro: Chibcha for Goldworkers homes invaded by missionaries. Gold stolen, houses burnt & they are forced into the encomienda: work to eatconcentration camp slavery system according to Pedro Marty Angheira’s 1530 account. The Kogi, Wiwa, Ijka & Cancuamo are thought to be their descendants.], Orinoco River [Kera Chikara home of the U’we. Royal Dutch Shell drilling.], Tocancipá Reservation [1810-1940: The new Creole state intended to dissolve the Indigenous Reservations], Sesquilé Reservation [1940: Reduced to 10% of original size], Tenjo Reservation [1934: Reduced to 54]. Cota Reservation [1916: Re-established, recognized in 1991, withdrawn in 1998 by the state & restored back 2006], Sierra Oriental [300,000 acres of coco plants, 100,000 harvesters. FARC, ELN, AUC collect kilo taxes & organize kidnappings in areas they control. 15 mayors negotiated a cease-fire with the ELN. One mayor said our people are being shot, our roads are being blocked, we are being kidnapped. Paramilitaries promptly kidnapped six of the mayors. 58 Colombian mayors assassinated in a four year period beginning in 1999], Florencia [State Capital. Refuge of 14 mayors in 2003. The daughter of one elderly victim caught in crossfire between Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia: FARC & the army in 2003 said, I don’t believe this war will ever end. Every day it causes the death of more innocent people . Her mother had moved to remote La Montanita 50 years earlier to find a peaceful place to live. No luck. “She fled the violence,” a neighbor said, “but the violence found her.” ] |
| Costa Rica: Spanish for Rich Port [Mexican Empire] | |
| Imperialism 1821: Broke away from Spain & joined the Mexican Empire. | 1823: United Provinces of Central America. Five Central American countries–El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua & Costa Rica. |
| Côte d’Ivoire: Ivory Coast [French West Africa] | |
| Mass Graves Kong, Bouna, Gayman, Kabadugu & Sanwi Kingdoms 1625: French Louis XIII 1895-1960: Part of French West Africa: Afrique Occidentale Française: 1/7 the Continent in the Gulf of Guinea 1932-1947: Upper Volta attached to Cote d’Ivoire to ensure a steady supply of low-cost labor 1959: Council of the Entente: Upper Volta [Maurice Yameogo], Dahomey-Benin, Cote d’Ivoire [Felix Houphouet-Boigny], Niger [Hamani Diori] 1960: Independance | Abidjan [1890s: France invades against the Mandinka & the Baoulé through 1917. Plantations of coffee (third place in total output behind Brazil & Colombia), cocoa (world’s leading producer), pineapples & palm oil crops produced by forced-labor system. Baoulé Félix Houphouët-Boigne’s Cocoa Union in 1944 ends official forced labor & he becomes a member of Parliament], Yamoussoukro [1983: Drought, riot police enter in 2000, Cocoa prices in 2000, $700 a ton; a year later, after civil war had broken out in Ivory Coast, they were at a 17-year high of $2,400 a ton. One producer there, contrasting conditions for Ivorian producers with those for the subsidy-protected farmers of Europe & the United States, said, we are forced to live like rats. November 2004: French Army machine gun civilians, United Nations Peacekeeping Forces. International human rights organizations have noted problems with the treatment of captive non-combatants by both sides & the re-emergence of child slavery among workers in cocoa production.] |
| Croatia: Hrvatska [Illyria: Apple Place / Yugoslavia] | |
| Masovna Grobnica [Mass Grave] Yugoslav Watson AG Ustashi Police: Ante Pavelic, Cardinal Alojzije Stepinac (1898-1960), Father Draganovic, Bishop Ivan Saric, The Hangman | Beram [Plague], Bjelovar [Orthodox Church worshippers speared with bayonets by Ustasha NAZIs], Blagaj [villagers buried alive], Dubrovnik, Gudovac [villagers stabbed in their beds, death by firing squad], Karlovac, Korencia [NAZI ’s kill 45], Osijek, Ovcara, Pakrac, Prekopa [Ustasha kill 260 Serbs], Sibenik, Trebinje [mass murder], Vukovar [Franjo Tudjman ’s neo-NAZI Croatian army massacres Serbs. Milsovec ’s army retaliates. In the Slavonia region. Slobodan Milosevic (now dead)’s public relations agent was Mark Edmond Clark (266)], Vojnik [Burned to death. Alperin v. Vatican Bank & Franciscans OFM] Zadar |
| Groblje Logorasa na Otoku Rabu [Rab Camp Cemetery] The design for the concentration camp inmate cemetery in Kampor Bay, island of Rab, was made by Edvard Ravnikar in 1953. The memorial complex was built in honour of the victims of the Italian concentration camp in operation on the island of Rab in 1942 & 1943 / Projekt uredenja groblja za logorasve u Kamporskom zaljevu na otoku Rabu izradio je arhitekt Edvard Ravnikar 1953. godine. Memorijalni kompleks podignut je u pocvast zvrtvama talijanskog koncentracijskog logora, koji je na otoku Rabu postojao izmedu 1942. i 1943 – Oris Magazine | Rab Island [WWII: 10,000 capacity: seperated departments for Serbians, Croats & Jews. Fascist Italy. According to official Italian records 1267 dead from starvation & winter cold, 800+ died later after relocation to Italian concentration camps Gonars & Padova, 1079 marked graves. According to Commission for determining crimes for Croatian littoral, number killed is 4641. July 1942 & September 1943. – Wikipedia: Source: Milac, Metod M.: Resistance, imprisonment & forced labor : A Slovene student in World War II] |
| Logorasa na Otoku Goli [Goli Otok Concentration Camp] | Goli Otok Island [Nearby to the Island of Rab. Prisoners of the communist camp made the Rab Camp Cemetery memorial in 1953.] |
| Vernichtungslager / Logor Jasenovac [Jasenovac Death Camps] Department III UNS: Ustaska Narodna Sluzba Vjekoslav 'Max' Luburic designs 26 concentration camps After the war he fled to Spain & was assasinated in 1969Miroslav Mastorovic: Tried & executed in 1946 Andrija Artukovic: Fled to America, extradited by the US to Zagreb, died in prison January 16, 1988. Dinko Sakiç: Fled to Argentina. Tried in the 1990s & sentenced by Croatian authorities to 20 years in prison. Petar Brzica: Fled to the United States. His name was on a list of 59 Nazis living in the US given by a Jewish organization to the Immigration & Naturalization Service during the 1970s. Brzica has remained unrevealed. Nada Sakic: Released Feb 1, 1999 due to insufficient evidence. | VL: Jasenovac I: Krapje [Largest killing field in Europe. Called the Auschwitz of the Balkans. Official killing figures: 1 million+ Serbs, 25,000+ Jews & 80,000+ Roma Gypsies & Croatian anti-fascists. Established 1941 & demolished 1945 On the bank of the Sava River, 62 miles southeast of Zagreb.] VL: Jasnovac II: Brocvica [Serb cutter, a Ustasa slaughter knife. On August 29, 1942, bets were made among prison guards as to who could liquidate the largest number of inmates. Petar Brzica cut the throats of 1,360 prisoners with a butcher knife.] VL: Jasnovac III: Ciglana [April 22, 1945: Ustasha killed the remaining prisoners, blasted & destroyed the buildings, guard-houses, torture rooms, Picili Furnace & other structures. Upon entering the camp, the liberators found only ruins, soot, smoke, & dead bodies.] VL: Jasnovac IV: Kozara [killing field liquidated 220,00 people in one day] VL: Jasenovac V: Stara Gradis v ka [Specializes in killing women & children. Nada Sakic, Max Luburic’s half sister & the wife of Dinko Sakic, last Commander of Jasenovac concentration camp, a Ustasha guard] Sisak [Children’s camp in the Northwest Croatia part of the Jasenovac Vernichtungslager Killing old men, women & children] Donja Gradina [Directly accross from the Sava River. Execution site.] Granik[Execution site] |
| Iskoreniti [Concentration Camps] | Gospic, Kerestina [near Zagreb 14 escaped in one night. 77 communists killed], Sterek [Kozara survivors killed here], Zagreb [hung to death on Eastern Orthodox Christmas, January 7, 1942 half a million Serbs killed, quarter of a million expelled, & 200,000 forced to convert to Roman Catholicism.] |
| Prostitution / White Slavery Is it a crime to sell women? They sell footballers, don’t they? – Milorad Milokovic, after his brothels in Prijedor were raided. | Prijedor [Milorad Milokovic’s brothels. Women starved on one meal a day, beaten, & forced into sexual slavery. Charged with human trafficking & slave possession. According to National Geographic magazine Milokovic is demanding compensation for his property by the United Nations International Police Task Force.] |
| Cuba [Bayatikeri] | |
| Slavery Due to its depiction of apparent torture, the Motion Picture Association of America rejected the original poster for The Road to Guantánamo, Michael Winterbottom’s docudrama based on three real-life Guantánamo detainees. It showed a prisoner hanging by his bound hands with a burlap sack over his head. A new MPAA-approved version crops out the prisoner’s head. – Monitor, Entertainment Weekly, June 2, 2006. | One million Africans were delivered to Cuba to be sold as slaves. The first slaves came from Mozambique & the Congo, & later Nigeria, Ghana, Togo, Benin & Cameroun. 1898: Spanish-American War: USS Maine sunk in Havana. 1959: Castro expelled the Chinese from Cuba. |
| Czech Republic [Bohemia: Milk Land] | |
| Masov´y hrob [Mass Grave] | Ausona-Hallstatt Chapel [near Prague. plague bones on walls & ceilings, bone chandelier] |
| Vyhubit [Extermination] Prague KreditBank: Emile Kuczek Watson Printing Plant: Director Emil Kuzcek & Co-Manager Georg Schneider 1936: Near Prague. 16 presses & two cutting machines. Czechoslovakian State Railways utilize 52.2 million punch cards per year. 1938: Statistical Office for the Protectorate of Bohemia & Moravia Prague. 102,000 of the 200,000 Kroner value held by Stefan Schmid, IBM’s attorney in Prague & 98,000 to IBM European General Manager John Holt. SS Governer of Czechoslovakia: Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich, The Blond Beast, The Butcher of Prague, Der Henker: the Hangman Prague Cathedral, Wencelas Chapel. Documented 11 million murdered Jews at the Wannsee Conference. Assasinated by Czech patriots, Jan Kubis & Josef Gabcik in Prague with a bomb May 26, 1942 on his journey to implement Final Solution for France. Ernst Kaltenbruer takes over. Father Bruno composer of the opera Amen: Reinhard’s Crime. | Holletrith Arbeitseinsatz 150: Graslitz / Kraslice [Hollerith Work Death 150: Inmates sent for extermination in Flossenbeurg] Hollerith Arbeitseinsatz 561: KZ Neu Rohlau bis Nikolsburg / Nová Role [Near Prague: Director Christel Jankowsky. Pohl von der Neudeker Papierfabrik. Invalids amputated. Russian POWs, Catholics, 70 & 80 year old men & women. Train passengers unloaded with pistols. In the Kitchen of Hunger people grab for potato peelings.. Inmates sent for extermination in Flossenbeurg after being worked to death in the Bohemia China Factory] Hollerith Arbeitseinsatz 603: Holleischen-Staab / Holysov [Inmates sent for extermination in Flossenbeurg. Holysov now production site of DaimerChrysler] Hollerith Arbeitseinsatz 887: Zwodau / Svatava [Inmates deathmarched to Flossenbeurg] Aussig [Massacres in 1945. Residents shipped off to KZ Lerchenfeld & KZ Schöbritz] |
| Terezin Koncentracní tábor [Theresienstadt Concentration Camp] Central Office of the Reich’s Security Archive 1921: Czech word robot used to describe mechanical workers in play R.U.R by Karel Capek. Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich & Hans Gunther receive Slavs & others racially unfit for Germanification. – Prague | Bypass built from Prague 60 km away to the camp. 50000+ per year processed at the Bohusovice railway station, starvation, typhoid fever, spotted fever, no sanitation. Death Marches. Autumn Transports: living witnesses, those who knew too much, removed. ‘The Terezin columbarium, filled with paper urns containing the ashes of prisoners tortured to death in Terezin & cremated in the crematorium of the camp, liquidated. About 17 thousand urns, possibly more, were dumped in the Ohe river, the remainder in a pit near the Litomerice concentration camp’ Außlager: Subcamps:Bohusovice |
| Denmark [Danuna: Water from Heaven] | |
| Gravens [Mass Graves] | Church of Nørre Alslev [Plague] |
| Folkedrab [People Murder] Denmark’s SS. Ministerialdirektor: Werner Best Returned to Germany as legal adviser to the Stinnes group of firms. 1969: arrested on charges of mass murder in Poland, but released. Freikorps Danemark / 24th SS Totenkopf Verbande ‘Danemark’: 1164 man reinforced battalion that served in the Demyansk Pocket. Led by Christian Frederick von Schalburg, a Ukrainian-Danish count who died in the frontlines | After the war members prosecuted with the Danish government evading responsibility by saying that the volunteers should have known that the government was merely acting under duress when it set up the Freikorps & signed the Anti-Comintern pact Final Solution Some Danish Jews escape to Sweden Copenhagen Telephone Company [1900: Telegraphone Magnetic Voice Recorder using steel wire invented by Valdemar Poulsen. 1907: Poulsen & Pederson patent DC Biasing Method in the USA. WWI: U.S. Navy seizes Telefunken radio station at Sayville, Long Island, using Telegraphone wire recorders to send high speed transmissions to Germany. At his death in 1942 he was a fellow of the Danish Academy of Sciences & the Swedish Institute for Engineering Research. Copenhagen a shared city between Zealand: Sjæl-land & Amager Islands], Arhus, Odense, Alborg. |
| Institut for Racehygiejne & Eugenik SS Sturmbannführer Dr.Carl Vaernet: SS-Runen - SS 1792 & SS 1809. | Dr Carl Vaernet: Human experiments on concentration camp prisoners. Pink Triangle Prisoners cured by synthetic hormone injections, lobotomies & castration. Tortured Roma Gypsies. Injections of Fleck-typhoid. No Trial. Went by Rat-Line North-Route to Sweden & in 1946 escaped to Argentina, continuing his torture at the Buenos Aires Health Department under Perón until his death in 1965. His son Dr. Kjeld Per Vaernet, also a lobotomizer with gruesome records, escaped under Carlos Pineyro’s Danish Ratline to Argentina in 1947. He has been awarded the Dannebrogorder. Icelandic Falkeorder. UN Service Medal. – The Search for Danish KZ |
| N. Fryslân [N. Frisian Islands/Jutland] | Fanø, Esbjerg, Mandø, Rømø, Langli [Denmark’s peninsula, called Jutland, shares a 42-mile border with Germany. It is covered by moraine: earth & stone deposited by melting glaciers thousands of years ago.] |
| Djibouti [French Somaliland] | |
| Xusuuq [Mass Murder] Vichy Camps de Concentration 200AD - 600AD: Aksum Kingdom: Now Eritrea, N Ethiopia, parts of Sudan & Djibouti Part of French East Africa: Horn of Africa with Ethiopia [Italian East Africa], Eritrea [Italian Somaliland], Somalia [British Somaliland], Sudan [Anglo-Egyptian Sudan] & Kenya [British East Africa]. 1884: Danakil Sultanate of Tadjourna brought under French Protectorate 1946: Part of French Union 1967: Renamed Territory of the Afars & Issas 1977: Republic of Djibouti. | Ambabo [Coastline seized by France in 1856. The ‘Mad Mullah’ fought against the British in 1901, and it took until 1920 for the British to regain control], Shoa [Explorations of by Rochet d’Hericourt (1839-42), Henri Lambert, and Fleuriot de Langle.] |
| Ecuador: Spanish for Equator [Peru Viceroyalty] | |
| Genocidio The equator crosses Ecuador. 1534: Spaniards overthrow the Inca Empire & rule the country for almost 300 years. Inca means Emperor. 1822: Independance from Spain under Simon Bolivar. Joins Gran Columbia with Columbia, Venezuela, Panama, Peru & Bolivia. Own country by 1830. | Cotopaxi [N in the Andes. One of the highest active volcanoes in the world] Rural areas have few hospitals or medical clinics. Many of the rural poor suffer from malnutrition & from an intestinal disease called dysentery. |
| Egypt: Below the Aegean [Kemet: Black Soil Land / British Egypt] | |
Strabo records Egypt meaning Below the Aegean Egyptian Dynasty ended with Assyrian invasion in the 7th century BC 381 BC: Alexander drives Pharoah Cingris from Egypt into Ethiopia, founds Alexandria. 260 AD: Palmyrene Empire: Syria, Palestine & Aegyptus 391 AD: Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria has god images molten into pots, utensils for the use of the Alexandrian church 634-750 AD: Umayadd Caliphate 750 AD-972 AD: Abbasid Caliphate 972-1171 AD: Fatimid Caliphate capital at al-Qahira (Cairo): the Triumphant 1792 AD: Napolean invades British Egypt for gold, ivory 1830 AD: Viceroy of Egypt Mohammed Ali Pasha moves Ramses II’s 3300-year-old Obelisk of Luxor to la Place de la Concorde. Cholera kills 19,000 1855-1869: Suez Canal Company opens to shorten the route between England & India, concession to operate the canal until 1968 1883: Lord Horatio Herbert Kitchener, Earl of Khartoum & Broome commander of the Egyptian Army. He is a Sirdar from 1892-1899 1911-1916: Secretary of War Lord Horatio Herbert Kitchener, Earl of Khartoum & of Broome blocks ships of Enemy Nations 1917: British High Commissioner for Egypt: Henry McMahon 1919-1925: British High Commissioner for Egypt: Viscount Edmund Henry Hyndman Allenby: The Bull 1940: Mussolini invades. Hitler sends Afrika Korps tank units under General Ernst Rommel: The Desert Fox. 1944: Lord Moyne, British Minister of State for the Middle East assasinated in Cairo 1948-1950: Arab-Israeli War: Palestine partitioned. Suez bans Israeli ships. 1956: Suez Crisis: Egyptian President Gamal A. Nasser seizes the canal & announces canal tolls will build the Aswan Dam. England, Israel & France attack. 25,000 Mizrahi Jews expelled from Egypt. UN calls a cease-fire 1967-1975: Six Day War: Egypt closes the Straits of Tiran to shipping. Israel controls Gaza Strip & West Bank 1972: Waffen SS Kurt Waldheim, UN Secretary exports UNDOF: United Nations Disengagement Observer Forces to Syria, Israel & Egypt. Suez canal closed 1980: Anwar Sadat assassinated, current President Hosni Mubarak. | al-Qahira: Cairo [Lord Kitchener’s Egyptian Army], Tel-el-Kabir/Alexandria [British Army called the EEF: Egyptian Expeditionary Force], Nubia [First cataract of the Nile River. Colonized by Egypt in the fourth millenium BC. Kushite kingdom pyramids], Saqqarah [King Zoser’s Step-Pyramid at Memphis], Al Jizah [Pyramids of Giza: 10 pyramids & Sphinx: 2600 to 2500 B.C. 5th Dynasty. Later Egyptian kings built secret tombs in cliffs], Medinet-Habu [Valley of the Kings: 20th & 21st Dynasties. Ramses III Funerary Tomb]. Adulis, Axum, Pa-Kes [Fakus-Gósen: Land of Goshen a.k.a Gesan, Kessan, S of Avaris: Hatwaret, where the later city of Pi-Ramesses was built. Joseph vizier for one or more pharoahs whose identity is not established with certainty, but some have cited evidence that these were Kakaure Senuseret III & his later co-regent Nimaatre Amenemhat III, who ruled from Avaris in the 19th dynasty, on the Bubastite or Pelusiac branch of the Nile River], Matara [Port cities. Roman & Greek sources indicate that an Axumite kingdom was thriving in the first century AD. Converted to Christianity under the tutelage of a bishop named Frumentius & sheltered Muhammed’s first followers], Gaza Strip [1998: Yasser Arafat & Binyamin Netanyahu share] |
| El Salvador [Cuscatlán: Land of Jewels] | |
| War The jewel name is from the Pipil people 1821: Broke away from Spain & joined the Mexican Empire. 1823: United Provinces of Central America. Five Central American countries–El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua & Costa Rica. | US backed Contras vs Sandanistas. 1992: United Nations negotiates a cease-fire. San Salvador [Roman Catholic Archbishop Oscar Arnulfo Romero slain with a single bullet on March 27, 1980. During El Salvador’s 12 year civil war, the military was blamed for forming death squads that killed thousands. The day before he was killed, Romero publically criticized the army. A U.N. truth commission concluded that Maj. Roberto D’Aubuisson (d. 1992), a death squad leader who went on to found the current ruling party, the Nationalist Republican Alliance, had ordered Romero’s killing. Buried at the Metropolitan Cathedral, The Vatican is currently considering him for sainthood – Worshippers Attend Mass for slain Archbishop, Associated Press © March 31 2007 |
| England [Great Britain: White Cow / United Kingdom] | |
| Northumbria Concentration Camps British Tabulating Machine Company: Hollerith ‘Colossus’: University of Manchester Yorkshire Bank PLC / Yorkshire Penny Bank / Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway Corpse Roads: 40 mile Lyke Wake Walk across the North Yorkshire moors from Osmotherly, north of Thirsk on the A19, to Ravenscar, a cliff south of Robin Hood’s Bay 1670: Royal Society Stepped Reckoner Machine: Wilhelm Gottfried von Leibnitz 1788: Sir William Peel: Dolben Slave Carrying Act 1833: Analytical Machine: Charles Babbage under Sir Robert Peel 1941: Director Harold Keen. Hollerith machines called bombes 1845: Hon James Lawrence, Tory Lord Mayor of Lerpwl: Liverpool & local booze baron, refused to hold any conference on relief. Liberty Gaol (House of Love): Home of the Governor. Prime occupation punishing vagrants. whippings, treadwheel, slavery to Australia. clothes fumigated in sulphur disinfector room, sick bay death disposal, police station in 1956. ’Hush-a-bye baby, on a tree top. When you grow old, your wages will stop. When you have spent the little you made. First to the poorhouse &: then to the grave.’ – Ripon Museum Trust Registered Charity No. 512913, The Workhouse Museum, Sharow View, Allhallowgate, Ripon HG4 1LE | Co. Northumberland / Deira [Oak]: Alnwick, Belford, Bellingham, Berwick-upon-Tweed, Castle Ward, Glendale, Rothbury Co Cumbria [White Grain]: Alston, Brampton, Cockermouth, Longtown, Penrith, Wigton Co Durham / Bryneich [Bryn-Hill + Eich=Water]: Barnand Castle [1899: Lord Barnand], Chester-le-Street, Darlington, Durham, Easington, Gateshead [1889: Bensham railway station. crematorium for 1,000+ vagrants], Hartlepool, Houghton-le-Spring, Lanchester, Sedgefield, Stockton, Teesdale, Weardale, Shields Co. Lancaster / Lancashire / Caerhirfryn [High Palace]: Ashton [1777], Barrow [1878], Barton [1853], Burnley [1777], Bury [1797], Caton, Chorley [1777], Chorlton [1853: 300], Clitheroe [1870: 200+], Fylde [crematorium], Garstang [1777], Bolton [1734, 1865-1895: Burial Board. Bodies transfered to St. Leonards Burial Ground], Haslingden [1811: mortuary, steam laundry, lunacy wards], Leigh [1850: 400+], Lunesdale [1872], Lancaster [1777: 80+ butter churning, infectious hospital], Manchester [1776-1855: 1,660+ Infirmary designed by Mills & Murgatroyd: Extension to Victoria Station], Neville Hall [1753], Ulverstone [1867], Oldham, Ormskirk [1851], Prescot [1707], Preston, Prestwich, Rochdale [1777: 2500+ starved, filth, diarrhea, no medicine], Salford [Dead Room, Post-Mortem Examination Room], Walton-on-the-Hill, Liverpool: Lerpwl [1768: forced labor: cotton picking, muslin, boatbuilding, stone-breaking, starvation, filth, 5000 a year recorded dead of typhus, cholera, smallpox. survivors forced to kill the sick. Public Vaccinator. Rebuilt larger in 1868, demolished in 1931], Wavertree [1776: Corpses fished daily out of the Mersey. Then the final insult: the bodi |